Method for controlling SR protein phosphorylation, and antiviral agents whose active ingredients comprise agents that control SR protein activity

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides: (1) antiviral agents that act by reducing or inhibiting the activity of SR proteins, more specifically, (i) antiviral agents that act by enhancing dephosphorylation of SR proteins, and (ii) antiviral agents that act by inhibiting proteins that phosphorylate SR proteins; (2) antiviral agents that act by inhibiting the expression of SR proteins, and (3) antiviral agents that act by activating proteins that antagonize SR proteins. The present invention also provides compounds that inhibit SRPKs, which phosphorylate SR proteins. Such compounds inhibit the activity of SR proteins and have antiviral activities. Various new viruses including SARS have emerged, and thus the present invention provides long-lasting broad-spectrum antiviral agents applicable to new viruses.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2004/019393, filed Dec. 24, 2004 which in turn claims the benefit of Japan Application No. 2003-435085, filed Dec. 26, 2003. Both of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to controlling the phosphorylation of SR proteins, which are involved in splicing reactions in the process of gene expression. The present invention also relates to methods for controlling the activity, expression, and stabilization of SR proteins that are useful for treating and preventing chronic and acute diseases caused by the infection of viruses or such, and antiviral agents whose active ingredients comprise agents that control SR protein activity. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to compounds useful for controlling SR protein activity and for antiviral treatments, and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND ART

Many of the antiviral agents reported to date as inhibiting viral replication are targeted at viral proteases or reverse transcriptases of viruses and so on.

For example, in the case of HIV virus, methods targeting the characteristics of the HIV genome are used. HIV's RNA genome is converted into DNA (provirus) by reverse transcriptase, and is then integrated into host chromosomes. Then, the transcription and translation mechanisms of the host cells produce viral proteins from the proviral DNA. These proteins are expressed as large polyprotein precursors. The precursors are cleaved into proteins by proteases, and then HIV virus is re-constituted and matured. Thus, HIV inhibitors targeted to each step in this HIV maturation process have been studied and developed; such inhibitors include (1) AZT and the like, which are targeted at reverse transcriptases characteristic of retroviruses (Non-patent Document 1) and (2) protease inhibitors, which inhibit proteases (Non-patent Document 2).

However, all of these are individually targeted antiviral agents that specifically attack the propagation process of the various viruses.

-   Non-patent Document 1: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Vol. 86, No. 21, pp.     8333-7 -   Non-patent Document 2: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. July 1995;     39(7):1559-64

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

Since the natural rate of mutation is higher in viruses, and in RNA viruses in particular, the antiviral agents developed thus far, which target viral proteases or reverse transcriptases of viruses and so on, often rapidly lose their efficacy. Thus, the development of more effective antiviral agents is desired.

Specifically, in accordance with the recent emergence of various new viruses, including SARS, an objective of the present invention is to develop long-lasting broad-spectrum antiviral agents that are also applicable to new viruses.

Means to Solve the Problems

The present inventors previously studied the phosphorylation of SR proteins, which are involved in gene expression systems. In particular, the present inventors were the first in the world to clone SRPK2, an enzyme that phosphorylates SR proteins (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242, 357-364), SPK1, a nematode SRPK homolog (Mech. Dev. 99, 51-64), hPRP4 (J. Biol. Chem. 277, 44220-44228), and CLASP, a regulatory factor for SR protein kinase Clk4 (J. Biol. Chem. 276, 32247-32256).

SR proteins are RNA-binding proteins rich in serine and arginine. SR proteins typically share one or two RNA-recognition motifs (RRM) and an RS (Arginine/Serine-rich) domain that is rich in consecutive RS sequences. The proteins play an important role in eukaryotic RNA processing, and in splicing of pre-mRNA in particular.

The following ten types of RNA-binding proteins belonging to the mammalian SR protein family have been reported: X16/SRp20, SF2/ASF/SRp30a, SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp30c, 9G8, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, SRp55, SRp75, and p54. Most SR proteins have been shown to be phosphorylated in cells. In particular, peptide mapping analysis has revealed that SF2/ASF, an SR protein, is phosphorylated at multiple sites within the RS domain (J. Cell. Biol. (1991) 115:587-596). Furthermore, the phosphorylation is known to potentiate the ability of SF2/ASF to selectively bind to U1snRNP (Genes & Dev. (1997) 11:334-344). The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of RS domains is required for spliceosome formation and rearrangement. When this phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is inhibited, mRNA processing becomes abnormal. RS domains are found not only in RNA-binding proteins, as described above, but also in various functional proteins thought to function in the nucleus. These proteins have been named the “SR-related protein family” (Biochem. Cell Biol. (1999) 77: 277-291).

When studying the phosphorylation states of SR family proteins in virus-infected cells, the present inventors unexpectedly discovered that in virus-infected cells phosphorylation of SR proteins was inhibited, and these proteins were degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. They also discovered a phenomenon whereby, conversely, SR proteins were stabilized and virus production increased upon forced expression of an SR protein, such as SRp40 or SRp75, or an SR protein kinase, such as SRPK1 or SRPK2. This suggests that SR proteins play an important role in viral replication, and that the dephosphorylation of SR proteins functions as a defense system against viral invasion of the body.

SR proteins bind to U1snRNP or U2AF, and are required for spliceosome formation; the RS domains are thought to play a major role in that protein-protein interaction. Furthermore, SR proteins influence splice site selection, promoting the selection of 3′ splice sites proximal to an intron. In contrast, heteronuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), such as hnRNP A1, A2, and B1, promote the selection of distal 3′ splice sites. Thus, splice site selection may depend on the intracellular ratio of SR protein and hnRNP protein.

The present inventors thus developed and provided antiviral agents targeting SR proteins, which were found to play an important role in viral replication.

Specifically, first, the inventors attempted to inhibit SR proteins by inhibiting SR protein kinase.

Since there were no known low-molecular-weight compounds that inhibited SRPK activity, the present inventors screened for low-molecular-weight compounds targeting SRPK. As a result, they discovered that SRPIN-1 (SR protein phosphorylation inhibitor 1; also referred to as Compound No. 340) had the activity of inhibiting the kinase, SRPK; SRPIN-1 is represented by the following formula:

The present inventors thus speculated that viral replication of HIV could be inhibited as a result of inhibiting SR protein phosphorylation by using SRPIN-1 to inhibit the enzymatic activity of SRPKs. Using various concentrations of SRPIN-1, they tested whether viral replication could be inhibited in infection experiments using MT-4 cells and HIV. They thus discovered that SRPIN-1 markedly inhibited HIV replication.

Further, the present inventors synthesized multiple SRPIN-1 analogs and tested their effect. Like SRPIN-1, the analogs were found to show SRPK-inhibiting activity and antiviral activity. Thus, SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof are useful as SRPK inhibitors, and can also be used as antiviral agents.

Specifically, the present invention relates to antiviral agents whose active ingredients comprise SR activity-controlling agents that control SR protein activity, methods for screening for antiviral agents, compounds with the activity of inhibiting SRPK, uses thereof, and such. More specifically, the present invention relates to each claim of the present invention:

-   [1] an antiviral agent comprising as an active ingredient an SR     activity-controlling agent that controls an activity of an SR     protein; -   [2] the antiviral agent of [1], wherein the SR protein is any one of     SF2/ASF/SRp30a, SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp30c, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, or     SRp75; -   [3] the antiviral agent of [1] or [2], wherein the SR     activity-controlling agent is a substance or composition that     enhances dephosphorylation of an SR protein; -   [4] the antiviral agent of [3], which is an activator that activates     Phosphatase 2A; -   [5] the antiviral agent of [4], which is an expression vector for     gene therapy, which carries an HIV tat gene, an adenovirus E4-ORF4     gene, or a vaccinia virus VH1 gene; -   [6] the antiviral agent of [1] or [2], wherein the SR     activity-controlling agent is a substance that inhibits an SRPK; -   [7] the antiviral agent of [6], wherein the SRPK is an SRPK 1 or     SRPK 2; -   [8] the antiviral agent of [1] or [2], wherein the SR     activity-controlling agent is an SRPK gene expression inhibitor; -   [9] the antiviral agent of [8], wherein the SRPK gene expression     inhibitor is an miRNA, siRNA, or morpholino oligo targeting an SRPK,     or an expression vector for the miRNA or siRNA; -   [10] the antiviral agent of [1] or [2], wherein the SR     activity-controlling agent is a substance having the activity of     antagonizing an SR protein; -   [11] the antiviral agent of [10], wherein the substance having the     activity of antagonizing an SR protein is an expression vector for     hnRNPA1; -   [12] the antiviral agent of any one of [1] to [11], wherein the     virus is: (1) any one of the following RNA viruses: a human     immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome     (SARS), poliovirus, human rhinovirus, adult T cell leukemia virus     (HTLV-I), hepatitis A, C, D, and E viruses, vaccinia virus, Japanese     encephalitis virus, dengue virus, human coronavirus, Ebola virus,     influenza virus, or sindbis virus, or (2) any one of the following     DNA viruses: a herpes simplex virus, human adenovirus, hepatitis B     virus, cytomegalovirus, EB virus, herpesvirus, human herpesvirus,     smallpox virus, polyoma virus, or human papilloma virus; -   [13] a method for screening for an antiviral agent, which comprises     the steps of: reacting a test compound with an SRPK, testing the     ability of the SRPK to phosphorylate an SR protein, and selecting a     compound that inhibits that ability; -   [14] the screening method of [13], which comprises the step of     testing the ability of an SRPK to phosphorylate an SR protein using,     as a substrate, an SR protein or a peptide with two or more     consecutive Arg-Ser (RS) or Ser-Arg (SR); -   [15] a method for producing antiviral agents, which comprises the     step of formulating a compound obtained by the method of [13] or     [14]; -   [16] an aniline derivative represented by the following formula (I):

-    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof; -    wherein, R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which     may have a substituent, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group which may have a     substituent, a C₂₋₆ alkynyl group which may have a substituent, a     C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, a halogen atom, a     nitro group, a cyano group, an azide group, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆     alkoxy group which may have a substituent, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group     which may have a substituent, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group which may     have a substituent, a carboxyl group, a formyl group, a C₁₋₆     alkoxycarbonyl group which may have a substituent, an acyl group, an     acylamino group, or a sulfamoyl group; -   R² represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a     substituent, or an aryl group which may have a substituent; -   R³ represents a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, a     C₂₋₆ alkenyl group which may have a substituent, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group     which may have a substituent, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle     which may have a substituent, or a condensed aromatic heterocycle     which may have a substituent; -   R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; -   Q represents —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —SO₂—, —C(S)NHC(O)—, —C(O)NHC(O)—, or     —C(O)NHC(S)—; -   W represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a     substituent, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, a     halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which may have a     substituent, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have a substituent, a     nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have a substituent, a     condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have a substituent, or a     group represented by the following formula (II):

-   -   wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represents         a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a         substituent, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have a         substituent, a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have a         substituent, an acyl group, or an acylamino group;     -   the above R⁵ and R⁶ together with the adjacent nitrogen atom may         form a heterocycle which may have a substituent, and the         heterocycle may be a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may         have a substituent;     -   the above R⁵ and R⁶ may be a cycloalkylidene amino group which         may have a substituent, or an aromatic condensed cycloalkylidene         group which may have a substituent;

-   [17] the aniline derivative of [16], or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein the above R¹ is a     hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a     halogen atom;

-   [18] the aniline derivative of [16] or [17], or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein the above R² is a     hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group;

-   [19] the aniline derivative of any one of [16] to [18], or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein the     above R³ is a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, or a     nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group which may     have a substituent;

-   [20] the aniline derivative of any one of [16] to [19], or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein the     above R⁴ is a hydrogen atom;

-   [21] the aniline derivative of any one of [16] to [20], or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein the     above W represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a group     represented by the following formula (II):

-    wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represent a     C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent; or -    the above R⁵ and R⁶ together with the adjacent nitrogen atom may     form a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, and the     heterocyclic group may be a condensed aromatic heterocyclic group     which may have a substituent; -   [22] an SRPK inhibitor comprising as an active ingredient any one of     the aniline derivatives of [16] to [21], or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, and -   [23] an antiviral agent comprising as an active ingredient any one     of the aniline derivatives of [16] to [21], or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.

Inventions that comprise one or more combinations of inventions set forth in claims that cite an identical claim are intended to include the inventions of those claims

Hereinafter, the terms, symbols, and such used herein are defined, and the present invention will be explained in more detail.

Herein, “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” refers to a linear or branched alkyl group comprising one to six carbon atoms, which is a monovalent group derived by removing an arbitrary hydrogen atom from an aliphatic hydrocarbon consisting of one to six carbons. Specifically, the C₁₋₆ alkyl group includes, for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a 1-propyl group, a 2-propyl group, a 2-methyl-1-propyl group, a 2-methyl-2-propyl group, a 1-butyl group, a 2-butyl group, a 1-pentyl group, a 2-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a 2-methyl-1-butyl group, a 3-methyl-1-butyl group, a 2-methyl-2-butyl group, a 3-methyl-2-butyl group, a 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl group, a 1-hexyl group, a 2-hexyl group, a 3-hexyl group, a 2-methyl-1-pentyl group, a 3-methyl-1-pentyl group, a 4-methyl-1-pentyl group, a 2-methyl-2-pentyl group, a 3-methyl-2-pentyl group, a 4-methyl-2-pentyl group, a 2-methyl-3-pentyl group, a 3-methyl-3-pentyl group, a 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl group, a 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl group, a 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl group, a 2-ethyl-1-butyl group, a 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl group, and a 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl group.

Herein, “C₂₋₆ alkenyl group” refers to a linear or branched alkenyl group comprising two to six carbons. Specifically, the C₂₋₆ alkenyl group includes, for example, a vinyl group, an allyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 1-butenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a 3-butenyl group, a pentenyl group, and a hexenyl group.

Herein, “C₂₋₆ alkynyl group” refers to a linear or branched alkynyl group comprising two to six carbons. Specifically, the C₂₋₆ alkynyl group includes, for example, an ethynyl group, a 1-propynyl group, a 2-propynyl group, a butynyl group, a pentynyl group, and a hexynyl group.

Herein, “C₁₋₆ alkoxy group” refers to an oxy group to which the above-defined “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” is linked. Specifically, the C₁₋₆ alkoxy group includes, for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a 1-propyloxy group, a 2-propyloxy group, a 2-methyl-1-propyloxy group, a 2-methyl-2-propyloxy group, a 1-butyloxy group, a 2-butyloxy group, a 1-pentyloxy group, a 2-pentyloxy group, a 3-pentyloxy group, a 2-methyl-1-butyloxy group, a 3-methyl-1-butyloxy group, a 2-methyl-2-butyloxy group, a 3-methyl-2-butyloxy group, a 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyloxy group, a 1-hexyloxy group, a 2-hexyloxy group, a 3-hexyloxy group, a 2-methyl-1-pentyloxy group, a 3-methyl-1-pentyloxy group, a 4-methyl-1-pentyloxy group, a 2-methyl-2-pentyloxy group, a 3-methyl-2-pentyloxy group, a 4-methyl-2-pentyloxy group, a 2-methyl-3-pentyloxy group, a 3-methyl-3-pentyloxy group, a 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyloxy group, a 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyloxy group, a 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyloxy group, a 2-ethyl-1-butyloxy group, a 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyloxy group, and a 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyloxy group.

Herein, “C₁₋₆ alkylthio group” refers to a thio group to which the above-defined “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” is linked. Specifically, the “C₁₋₆ alkylthio group” includes, for example, a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, a 1-propylthio group, a 2-propylthio group, a butylthio group, and a pentylthio group.

Herein, “C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl group” refers to a carbonyl group to which the above-defined “C₁₋₆ alkoxy group” is linked. Specifically, the C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl group includes, for example, a methoxy carbonyl group, an ethoxy carbonyl group, a 1-propyloxycarbonyl group, and a 2-propyloxycarbonyl group.

Herein, “C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group” refers to a sulfonyl group to which the above-defined “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” is linked. Specifically, the C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group includes, for example, a methylsulfonyl group, an ethylsulfonyl group, a 1-propylsulfonyl group, and a 2-propylsulfonyl group.

Herein, “halogen atom” refers to a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.

Herein, “C₆₋₁₀ aryl group” refers to an aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group comprising six to ten carbon atoms. Specifically, the C₆₋₁₀ aryl group includes, for example, a phenyl group, a 1-naphthyl group, and a 2-naphthyl group.

Herein, “heterocycle” refers to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring that may comprise double bonds within the ring, wherein one or two of the atoms constituting the ring are heteroatoms.

Herein, “nitrogen-containing heterocycle” refers to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring that may comprise double bonds within the ring, wherein one or two of the atoms constituting the ring are nitrogen atoms.

Herein, “heteroatom” refers to a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom, or a nitrogen atom.

Herein, “nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring” refers to an aromatic ring in which five to ten atoms constitute the ring, wherein at least one of the atoms constituting the ring is a nitrogen atom, and one or more heteroatoms other than nitrogen atoms may further be comprised.

Specifically, the nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring includes, for example, a pyridine ring, a pyrrole ring, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a thiazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an indole ring, an isoindole ring, an imidazole ring, a triazole ring, a pyrazole ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, and a benzimidazole ring.

The “5- to 10-membered heteroaryl ring” preferably includes a pyridine ring, a pyrrole ring, and an imidazole ring, and more preferably includes a pyridine ring.

Herein, “nitrogen-containing 5- and 10-membered heteroaryl group” refers to a mono- or divalent group derived by removing one or two arbitrary hydrogen atoms from the above-defined “5- and 10-membered heteroaryl ring”. Specifically, the nitrogen-containing 5- and 10-membered heteroaryl group includes, for example, a pyridyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a quinolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group.

Herein, “4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring” refers to a non-aromatic ring that meets the following definition:

-   1. four to eight atoms constitute the ring; -   2. one or two of the atoms constituting the ring are heteroatoms; -   3. one or two double bonds may be comprised in the ring; -   4. one to three carbonyl groups may be comprised in the ring; and -   5. the group is monocyclic.

The 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring is preferably a nitrogen-containing 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring that comprises nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms.

Specifically, the 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring includes, for example, an azetidine ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a piperidine ring, an azepane ring, an azocine ring, a tetrahydropyran ring, a morpholine ring, a thiomorpholine ring, a piperazine ring, a thiazolidine ring, a dioxane ring, an imidazoline ring, and a thiazoline ring. The “4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring” preferably includes a pyrrolidine ring, a piperidine ring, a morpholine ring, and a piperazine ring.

Herein, “a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic group” refers to a mono- or divalent group derived by removing one or two arbitrary hydrogen atoms from the above-defined “4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring”. Specifically, the 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic group includes, for example, an azetidinyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl group, an azepanyl group, an azocanyl group, a tetrahydropyranyl group, a morpholinyl group, a thoimorpholinyl group, a piperazinyl group, a thiazolidinyl group, a dioxanyl group, an imidazolyl group, and a thiazolyl group.

Herein, “condensed aromatic heterocycle” refers to a ring structure in which the heterocyclic moiety is ortho-condensed with an aromatic ring, such as a benzene ring. The heterocyclic moiety is an above-defined heterocycle.

Herein, “condensed aromatic heterocyclic group” refers to a ring structure in which the heterocyclic moiety is ortho-condensed with an aromatic ring, such as benzene ring. The heterocyclic moiety is an above-defined heterocyclic group.

The condensed aromatic heterocyclic group includes, for example, an indolinyl group, an isoindolinyl group, and a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline.

Herein, “halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl group” refers to a group in which at least one arbitrary hydrogen atom in the above-defined “C₁₋₆ alkyl group” is replaced with an above-defined “halogen atom”. The halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl group includes, for example, a trifluoromethyl group, a difluoromethyl group, and a monofluoromethyl group.

Herein, the phrase “may have substituents” means that a certain compound may have an arbitrary combination of one or more substituents at substitutable positions. Specifically, the substituents include, for example, groups selected from the following Substituent Group A:

[Substituent Group A]

a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a mercapto group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a formyl group, a carboxyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a trifluoromethoxy group, an amino group, an oxo group, an imino group, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group.

Herein, “salt” is not particularly limited, so long as it is a pharmaceutical acceptable salt which is formed with a compound according to the present invention. Such salts include, for example, inorganic acid salts, organic salts, inorganic base salts, organic base salts, and acidic or basic amino acid salts.

Examples of preferable inorganic acid salts include: hydrochloride, hydrobromate, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. Examples of preferable organic salts include: acetate, succinate, fumarate, maleate, tartrate, citrate, lactate, stearate, benzoate, methanesulfonate, and p-toluene sulfonate.

Examples of preferable inorganic base salts include: alkali metal salts, such as sodium salts and potassium salts; alkali earth metal salts, such as calcium salts and magnesium salts; aluminium salts; and ammonium salts. Examples of preferable organic base salts include: diethylamine salts, diethanol amine salts, meglumine salts, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salts.

Examples of preferable acidic amino acid salts include: aspartate and glutamate. Examples of preferable basic amino acid salts include: arginine salts, lysine salts, and ornithine salts.

When left in air, the compounds of the present invention sometimes absorb moisture, and are sometimes attached to absorbed water or converted to hydrates. Such hydrates are also included in the present invention.

Furthermore, compounds of the present invention are sometimes converted into solvates, absorbing some other solvents. Such salts are also included in the present invention.

Herein, “gene” refers to DNAs or RNAs encoding transcriptional units in sense or antisense orientation. Transcriptional units refer to sequences that are continuously transcribed. Herein, a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encoding a protein is also referred to as a “gene for that protein”.

Herein, the term “or” is used non-exclusively. For example, the phrase “A, B, or C” means that at least any one element of A, B, and C is comprised, and therefore the phrase also comprises things that comprise two or more of, or all three of A, B, and C, and things that comprise other elements.

Herein, the compounds shown in Tables 1 to 3 are sometimes referred by compound number. These compounds are sometimes shown as “GIF-”, citing a compound number.

Effects of the Invention

The present invention revealed that SRPIN-1 (SR protein phosphorylation inhibitor 1) and analogs thereof had the activity of inhibiting SRPKs, which are kinases. SR proteins phosphorylated by SRPKs were found to exist stably in cells; however, SR protein phosphorylation is inhibited when SRPK enzyme activity is inhibited by SRPIN-1 or analogs and such thereof, leading to degradation of SR proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Then, the inventors inhibited SRPKs by adding SRPIN-1 or analogs thereof, and thus discovered that these compounds had the antiviral activity of inhibiting viral replication in HIV infection experiments.

The present invention is also beneficial in that it provides antiviral agents that control the activity of SR proteins, and by the same mechanism, are effective against a broad range of viruses.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A: Phosphorylation of SR protein in HIV-infected cells. The pNL4-3 genome was introduced into Flp-In-293 cells. SR protein phosphorylation in these Flp-In-293 cells was evaluated by Western analysis using mouse anti-phosphorylated SR protein monoclonal antibody (Mab104), mouse anti-SC35 antibody, and mouse anti-SF2 antibody.

FIG. 1B: Degradation of SR protein. Plasmids for the SRp75, SRp55, and SRp40 genes were fused with Ha tag and introduced into Flp-In-293 cells. MG132 (474790; purchased from CALBIOCHEM) was added to the cells at a final concentration of 10 μM. The cells were lysed and heat-denatured. The resulting protein sample was separated by SDS-PAGE, followed by Western analysis using a rabbit anti-HA antibody as the primary antibody and a donkey anti-rabbit IgG antibody as the secondary antibody.

FIG. 2A: Phosphorylation of SR protein in cells stably expressing SRPK2. Mouse SRPK2 gene was introduced into Flp-In-293 cells to prepare cells stably expressing SRPK2 (SRPK2-2). pNL4-3 was introduced into these SRPK2-2 cells and cells of the parent cell line Flp-In-293 (mock). After four days, the kinetics of endogenous SR protein during HIV infection was evaluated by Western analysis in the same way as in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2B: Existence of SR protein in cells stably expressing SRPK2. The HIVpNL4-3 genome and plasmids for SRp75, SRp55, and SRp40 genes fused with HA tag were introduced into mock and SRPK2-2 cells, prepared as in FIG. 2A. The samples were harvested after 36 hours and analyzed by Western blotting.

FIG. 2C: Measuring the quantity of produced HIV. The culture supernatants obtained as described in FIG. 2A were collected and the amount of produced HIV was determined.

FIG. 3A: Evaluation of SR protein contributing to in-vivo HIV production. Mock plasmid, and the SC35, SF2, SRp40, SRp55, and SRp75 expression plasmids were each introduced into Flp-In293 cells. After 36 hours, culture supernatants were collected and the amount of HIVp24 were determined using the Lumipulse ELISA system.

FIG. 3B: Evaluation of the effect of hnRNPA1 on in-vivo HIV production. Gene transfer into Flp-In293 cells was carried out using a fixed amount (500 ng) of an SRp40 or SRp75 expression plasmid as well as an hnRNPA1 expression plasmid, the amount of which was step increased. After 36 hours, culture supernatants were collected and the amount of HIVp24 was determined using the Lumipulse ELISA system.

FIG. 4A: Search for SRPK inhibitors to inhibit the phosphorylation of intracellular SR protein. Structural formula of SRPIN-1 (SRPk Inhibitor-1).

FIG. 4B: Evaluation of inhibition of the phosphorylation activity of SRPK1 by SRPIN-1. An RS peptide corresponding to RS domain of SF2 was dissolved in 10 mM Tris-HCl to a concentration of 1 mg/ml (pH 7.5). The peptide was incubated for ten minutes with 1 μg of SRPK1 protein in a reaction buffer (250 μM MgCl₂, 0.25 mM ATP, 1 mCi of [γ-³²P]ATP, and SRPIN-1 (final concentration: 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 μM)) in a water bath at 30° C. The reaction mixture was dropped onto a P81 phosphocellulose membrane (P81; Whatman), and then the membrane was washed with a 5% phosphoric acid solution. After washing, the radioactivity of ³²P on the P81 membrane was determined in a liquid scintillation counter.

FIG. 4C: Evaluation of in-vivo inhibition of SR protein phosphorylation using SRPIN-1, and evaluation of the induction of the accompanying SR protein degradation. HA-SRp75 plasmid was introduced into Flp-In293 cells. After 36 hours, MG132 (final concentration: 10 μM) and SRPIN-1 (10, 20, or 50 μM) were added to the cells. The cells were incubated for 15 hours and then lysed. After SDS-PAGE, the samples were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-HA antibody. Western analysis was also carried out using an antibody against beta actin as a control protein amount.

FIG. 4D: Evaluation of the inhibition of HIV infection upon addition of SRPIN-1. HIV virion was prepared using 293 T cells and then added to MT-4 cells along with SRPIN-1 (final concentration: 0.5,10, or 20 μM). After two hours of incubation at 37° C. under 5% CO₂, the cells were centrifuged to change the culture medium. The culture supernatant was collected after 48 hours, and the amount of HIVp24 was determined by the Lumipulse ELISA system.

FIG. 5A: Evaluation of the SRPK-inhibiting activities of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof. The inhibitory effects of SRPIN-1 (Compound No. 340) and analogs thereof (Compound Nos. 341 to 349, and 608 to 626) on the phosphorylation activities of SRPK1 and SRPK2 were determined.

FIG. 5B: The effect of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof in inhibiting HIV replication. This figure shows the results of assaying the effect of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof in inhibiting HIV replication in MT-4 cells.

FIG. 5C: The effect of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof in inhibiting HIV replication. Like FIG. 5B, this figure shows the results of assaying the effect of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof in inhibiting HIV replication in Jurkat cells.

FIG. 6A: Antiviral activity of SRPIN-1 against sindbis virus. This figure shows phase contrast microscopic images of cells infected with sindbis virus. Marked cell damage caused by the propagation of sindbis virus was found in cells to which SRPIN-1 was not administered, while cell damage was dramatically inhibited by administering SRPIN-1.

FIG. 6B: Antiviral activity of SRPIN-1 against sindbis virus. This figure shows the results of a plaque assay for sindbis virus-infected cells. SRPIN-1 significantly inhibited the propagation of Sindbis virus in a concentration-dependent manner when its concentration was 5 μM or higher.

FIG. 7: Antiviral activity of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof against cytomegalovirus. This figure shows phase contrast microscopic images of cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Morphological alterations characteristic of cytomegalovirus infection and cell death were frequently found in control group cells (1 and 2 in this figure). In contrast, the abnormal morphological alterations and cell death caused by cytomegalovirus infection were inhibited in cells to which 20 μl of SRPIN-1 or an analog thereof (Compound No. 349) was added (3 and 5 in this figure).

FIG. 8: Antiviral activities of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof against SARS virus. This figure shows the results of plaque assays for SARS virus-infected cells. The number of plaques where SARS virus infection resulted in cell death was determined to evaluate the antiviral activity of SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof (plaque assay). As a result, 40 μM SRPIN-1 and analog compounds thereof (Compound No. 349) significantly inhibited SARS virus propagation, as shown in FIG. 8A. In addition, as shown in FIG. 8B, SRPIN-1 was found to inhibit SARS virus propagation in a concentration-dependent manner within a concentration range of 1 to 40 μM.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The present inventors investigated whether antiviral agents against a broad range of viruses could be provided by broadly applying the phenomenon in which HIV replication can be inhibited by inhibiting SRPK enzymes, which phosphorylate SR proteins.

I. SR Proteins

Activity Reduction: Degradation and Stabilization

(1) The present inventors investigated the relationship between the infection of cells with HIV virus, and the phosphorylation state of SR protein and SR protein presence in cells. Specifically, 293 cells were infected with type NL4-3 HIV virus, and then the total amounts of SR protein in the cells and phosphorylated protein in the cells were measured using antibodies against SR protein and against phosphorylated SR protein.

Furthermore, the present inventors also investigated the relationship between HIV infection of cells forced to express SRPK, which phosphorylates SR protein, and the phosphorylation state of SR protein and existence of SR protein in these same cells. Specifically, in a similar way to the above, 293 cells forced to express SRPK-2 were infected with type NL4-3 HIV virus. The total amounts of SR protein in the cells and phosphorylated protein in the cells were then measured using antibodies against SR protein and against phosphorylated SR protein.

The results described above show that phosphorylated SR protein is stabilized in cells, but SR protein can be degraded when dephosphorylated.

Further, to confirm the above conclusion, the present inventors expressed SR-HA fusion protein in 293 cells, and measured the signal intensity of fusion SR-HA when reacted with an anti-HA antibody in the absence or presence of MG132, a ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor. The inventors found that MG132 inhibited protein degradation, and thus the SR protein was degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Specifically, the present inventors speculated that hosts degrade SR protein as a defense mechanism in response to viral infection. However, when SR protein kinase was forcedly expressed, the SR protein was not degraded, but instead stabilized by the phosphorylation. This stabilization was found to override the defense mechanism, contributing to enhanced viral production.

Specifically, the present inventors found that SR protein was degraded by ubiquitin proteasome when dephosphorylated. Since SR protein is essential for gene transcription, dephosphorylating the SR protein can inhibit viral propagation.

(2) The present inventors next investigated the inhibition of SR protein kinase. SRPK1/2, Clk/Sty family kinase, PRP4, DNA topoisomerase I, and others are thought to be candidate kinase responsible for phosphorylating SR proteins, but much is unclear regarding their functional differences in terms of splicing. Thus, the present inventors investigated viral production in virus-infected cells when SRPK was inhibited using SRPIN-1, an SRPK inhibitor. Inhibition of SRPK by SRPIN-1 was found to induce active degradation of SR protein.

(3) Cells were again infected with HIV, and at the same time forced to express hnRNPA1, which is known to antagonize in vitro SR protein, which promotes splicing. As a result, the present inventors discovered for the first time that hnRNPA1 inhibited in vivo HIV production in a dose-dependent manner, while SRp40 and SRp75 further promoted HIV production.

As described above, the dephosphorylation of SR protein is a biological defense reaction against viruses (in the human body). It had been previously confirmed that SR protein was dephosphorylated in animal cells after infection with adenovirus or vaccinia virus (Nature Vol. 393, pp. 185-187, EMBO Rep Vol. 3, pp. 1088-1093). Thus, as described above, it is thought that upon dephosphorylation the SR protein is rapidly degraded, and thus becomes unavailable for viral gene expression. As a result, the viruses cannot propagate.

The present inventors confirmed that inhibition of SR protein activity by SRPK inhibitors resulted in the inhibition of propagation of not only HIV but also sindbis virus, cytomegalovirus, and SARS coronavirus, which are viruses different from HIV. Thus, it can be concluded that the antiviral action generated by controlling the activity of SR protein is effective against a broad range of viruses.

II.

The present invention comprises antiviral agents that control the activity of SR proteins, methods for inhibiting viral production, and methods for treating viral diseases. The present invention comprises antiviral agents whose active ingredients comprise agents that control SR protein activity. Control of SR protein activity also comprises control of expression and stabilization. For example, SR protein activity can be reduced by inhibiting the transcription or translation of SR proteins, or reducing the stability of SR proteins or mRNAs encoding SR proteins. Preferably, when controlling the activity of SR proteins as per the present invention, the SR protein activity inhibitors directly or indirectly reduce the activity or expression level of SR proteins. To reduce the activity or expression level of an SR protein, for example, in addition to using the SR protein as a direct target, it is also preferable to inhibit phosphorylation of the SR protein by SRPKs and/or enhance dephosphorylation. Dephosphorylation of SR proteins is promoted, for example, by activating protein phosphatase 2A (also referred to as phosphatase 2A). Thus, viral propagation can be inhibited by using a compound that increases the expression and/or activity of protein phosphatase 2A. Phosphorylation of SR proteins can also be inhibited by inhibiting the expression and/or activity of SRPKs. Thus, SRPK inhibitors are preferable antiviral agents of the present invention.

[SR Proteins as Targets for Control]

The SR proteins whose activity is to be reduced or inhibited according to the present invention may be arbitrary SR proteins, and specifically include X16/SRp20, SF2/ASF/SRp30a, SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp3c, 9G8, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, SRp55, SRp75, and p54. Preferable SR proteins are SF2/ASF/SRp30a, SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp30c, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, and SRp75, and particularly preferable SR proteins are SRp40 and SRp75. Hereinafter, SR protein refers to SF2/ASF/SRp30a, SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp30c, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, or SRp75.

The gene sequence encoding X16/SRp20 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 1-492 of accession number L10838. The amino acid sequence of X16/SRp20 is set forth in accession numbers NP_(—)003008 and AAA36648 (Zahler, A. et al., 1992, SR proteins: a conserved family of pre-mRNA splicing factors, Genes Dev. 6:837-847). The gene sequence encoding SF2/ASF/SRp30a is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 91-834 of accession number NM_(—)006924. The amino acid sequence of SF2/ASF/SRp30a is set forth in accession numbers NP_(—)008855 and Q07955 (Ge, H. et al., Cell 66, 373-382 (1991)). The gene sequence encoding SC35/PR264/SRp30b is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 156-818 of accession number M90104. The amino acid sequence of SC35/PR264/SRp30b is set forth in accession numbers AAA60306 and Q01130 (Fu, X. D. and Maniatis, T. Science 256, 535-538 (1992)). The gene sequence encoding SRp30c is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 53-715 and nucleotides 147-809 of accession numbers U30825 and NM_(—)003769, respectively. The amino acid sequence of SRp30c is set forth in accession numbers AAA93069, Q13242, and NP_(—)003760 (Screaton, G. R. et al., EMBO J. 14, 4336-4349 (1995)). The gene sequence encoding 9G8 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 54-464 of accession number NM_(—)006276. The amino acid sequence of 9G8 is set forth in accession numbers NP_(—)006267, Q16629, and such (Lejeune, F. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276, 7850-7858 (2001); Popielarz, M. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17830-17835 (1995); Cavaloc, Y. et al., EMBO J. 13, 2639-2649 (1994)). The gene sequence encoding HRS/SRp40 is set forth, for example, in accession number AF020307 (join(2406-2531, 2864-2925, 3049-3147, 3433-3503, 4740-4812, 5269-5382, 5472-5492)), and the amino acid sequence is set forth in accession numbers AAC39543 and Q13243, and other (Du, K. and Taub, R., Gene 204 (1-2), 243-249 (1997); Screaton, G R. et al., EMBO J. 14, 4336-4349 (1995)). The gene sequence encoding SRp46 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 1-816 of accession number AF031166. The amino acid sequence of SRp46 is set forth in accession number AAK54351 and others (Soret, J. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 4924-4934 (1998)). The gene sequence encoding SRp55 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 106-1137 of accession number U30883. The amino acid sequence of SRp55 is set forth in accession numbers AAA93073 and Q13247, and others (Screaton, G R. et al., EMBO J. 14, 4336-4349 (1995); Zahler, A. M. et al., Genes Dev. 6, 837-847 (1992); Barnard, D. C. and Patton, J. G., Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 3049-3057 (2000)). The gene sequence encoding SRp75 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 98-1579 and nucleotides 98-1579 of accession numbers BC002781 and NM_(—)005626, respectively. The amino acid sequence of SRp75 is set forth in accession numbers AAH02781, NP_(—)005617 and Q08170, and others (Zahler, A. M. et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4023-4028 (1993)). The gene sequence encoding p54 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 84-1535 of accession number M74002. The amino acid sequence of p54 is set forth in accession numbers AAA35554 and Q05519, and others (Chaudhary, N. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 8189-8193 (1991)).

[Target Viruses]

The antiviral agents of the present invention particularly preferably inhibit HIV propagation, but are not limited to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and also have a similar effect on other viruses, including RNA viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), polioviruses, human rhinoviruses, adult T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I), hepatitis A, C, D, and E viruses (excluding hepatitis B virus), vaccinia viruses, Japanese encephalitis viruses, dengue viruses, human coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, influenza viruses, and sindbis viruses. Human coronaviruses include SARS coronaviruses (also referred to as a SARS-associated coronavirus or SARS virus).

Since SR protein dephosphorylation has been reported as a host defense mechanism upon infection of herpes simplex viruses and human adenoviruses, which are DNA viruses, SRPIN-1 affects herpes simplex viruses and human adenoviruses, and also has a similar effect on hepatitis B viruses, cytomegaloviruses, EB viruses, herpesviruses, human herpes viruses, smallpox viruses, polyoma viruses, and human papilloma viruses.

Particularly preferable target viruses of the present invention include viruses of the retrovirus family (Retroviridae; including viruses of the genus lentivirus), togavirus family (Togaviridae; including viruses of the genus alphavirus), herpesvirus family (Herpesviridae; including cytomegalovirus), and coronavirus family (Coronaviridae; including viruses of the genus coronavirus).

[Antiviral Agents]

The present invention includes: (1) antiviral agents that act by reducing or inhibiting SR protein activity, more specifically, antiviral agents that act by enhancing the dephosphorylation of SR proteins, and (ii) antiviral agents that act by inhibiting proteins that phosphorylate SR proteins.

The present invention also includes: (2) antiviral agents that act by inhibiting SR protein expression, and (3) antiviral agents that act by activating the function of proteins that antagonize SR proteins.

In particular, the present invention relates to antiviral agents comprising compounds that inhibit the activity and/or expression of SRPK. The phosphorylation that contributes to the stabilization of SR protein is inhibited by inhibiting the activity and/or expression of SRPK. As a result, degradation of SR protein is promoted, and SR protein activity is reduced. Thus, SRPK (SRPK1 and/or SRPK2) is a particularly preferable inhibition target of the present invention.

[Methods for Inhibiting Viral Production]

The present invention also includes: (1) methods for inhibiting viral production by reducing or inhibiting SR protein activity, more specifically, the present invention includes (i) methods for inhibiting virus production by enhancing the dephosphorylation of SR protein, and (ii) methods for inhibiting virus production by inhibiting proteins that phosphorylate SR protein. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for inhibiting viral production, which comprise the step of inhibiting the activity and/or expression of SRPK. When SRPK is inhibited, the phosphorylation of SR protein is inhibited, and the SR protein level is reduced, which thus reduces SR protein activity.

The present invention also includes: (2) methods for inhibiting viral production by inhibiting SR protein expression, and (3) methods for inhibiting viral production by activating the function of proteins that antagonize SR protein.

Specifically, the present invention also includes the following inventions:

-   [M1] Method of inhibiting propagation of a virus, which comprises     the step of reducing an activity or expression level of an SR     protein; -   [M2] the method of [M1], in which the SR protein is SF2/ASF/SRp30a,     SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp30c, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, or SRp75; -   [M3] the method of [M1] or [M2], in which the step of reducing an     activity or expression level of an SR protein is the step of     inhibiting the phosphorylation of an SR protein or enhances its     dephosphorylation; -   [M4] the method of [M3], in which the step of inhibiting the     phosphorylation of an SR protein or enhances its dephosphorylation     is the step of increasing an activity of protein phosphatase 2A; -   [M5] the method of [M4], in which the step of increasing an activity     of protein phosphatase 2A is the step of introducing an expression     vector for one or more genes selected from the group consisting of:     an HIV tat gene, adenovirus E4-ORF4 gene, and vaccinia virus VH1     gene; -   [46] the method of [M3], in which the step of inhibiting the     phosphorylation of an SR protein or enhances its dephosphorylation     is the step of inhibiting an expression or activity of a SRPK; -   [M7] the method of [M6], in which the SRPK is SRPK1 or SRPK2; -   [M8] the method of [M6] or [M7], in which the step of inhibiting an     expression or activity of a SRPK is the step of administering an     aniline derivative represented by the following formula:

-    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof; -    wherein, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, Q, and W are defined in [16] herein above; -   [M9] the method of [M8], in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a     C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom; -   [M10] the method of [M8] or [M9], in which the above R² is a     hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group; -   [M11] the method of any one of [M8] to [M10], in which the above R³     is a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, or a     nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group which may     have a substituent; -   [M12] the method of any one of [M8] to [M11], in which the above R⁴     is a hydrogen atom; -   [M13] the method of any one of [M8] to [M12], in which the above W     is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a group represented by the     following formula (II):

-    wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; -   [M14] the method of [M8], in which the aniline derivative of [M8] is     selected from the group consisting of compounds with Compound Nos:     340, 348, 613, 616, 618, 622, and 624 described herein; -   [M15]the method of [M6], in which the step of inhibiting an     expression or activity of a SRPK is the step of introducing a SRPK     miRNA, siRNA or morpholino oligo, or introducing an miRNA or siRNA     expression vector; -   [M16] the method of [M1] or [M2], in which the step of reducing an     activity or expression level of an SR protein is the step of     administering a substance having an activity of antagonizing an SR     protein; -   [M17] the method of [M16], in which the substance having an activity     of antagonizing an SR protein is an hnRNP A1 expression vector; -   [M18] the method of any one of [M1] to [M17], in which the virus is:     any one of (1) an RNA virus: a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),     severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), poliovirus, human     rhinovirus, adult T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I), hepatitis A, C, D,     and E virus, vaccinia virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue     virus, human coronavirus, Ebola virus, influenza virus, and sindbis     virus, and (2) a DNA virus: a herpes simplex virus, human     adenovirus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, EB virus,     herpesvirus, human herpesvirus, smallpox virus, polyoma virus, and     human papilloma virus. -   [M19] the method of inhibiting a SRPK, which comprises the step of     administering the aniline derivative of [M8], or a pharmaceutically     acceptable salt or hydrate thereof; -   [M20] the method of [M19], in which the SRPK is SRPK1 or SRPK2; -   [M21] the method of [M19] or [M20], in which the above R¹ is a     hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a     halogen atom; -   [M22] the method of any one of [M19] to [M21], in which the above R²     is a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group; -   [M23] the method of any one of [M19] to [M22], in which the above R³     is a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, or a     nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group which may     have a substituent; -   [M24] the method of any one of [M19] to [M23], in which the above R⁴     is a hydrogen atom; -   [M25] the method of any one of [M19] to [M24], in which the above W     is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a group represented by the     following formula (II):

-    wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; and -   [M26] the method of [M19], in which the aniline derivative of [M8]     is a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds with     the Compound Nos: 340, 348, 613, 616, 618, 622, and 624 described     herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.

The present invention further relates to uses of the compounds that reduce the expression and/or activity of SR protein for inhibiting viral propagation and for producing antiviral agents (reagents and/or pharmaceuticals for inhibiting viral propagation). Specifically, the present invention also relates to the following inventions:

-   [U1] Use of a compound that reduces an activity or expression level     of an SR protein for inhibiting propagation of a virus or for     producing an antiviral agent; -   [U2] the use of [U1], in which the SR protein is SF2/ASF/SRp30a,     SC35/PR264/SRp30b, SRp30c, HRS/SRp40, SRp46, or SRp75; -   [U3] the use of [U1] or [U2], in which the compound that reduces an     activity or expression level of an SR protein is a compound that     inhibits the phosphorylation of an SR protein or enhances its     dephosphorylation; -   [U4] the use of [U3], in which the compound that inhibits the     phosphorylation of an SR protein or enhances its dephosphorylation     is a compound that increases an activity of protein phosphatase 2A; -   [U5] the use of [U4], in which the compound that increases an     activity of protein phosphatase 2A is an expression vector for one     or more genes selected from the group consisting of: an HIV tat     gene, adenovirus E4-ORF4 gene, and vaccinia virus VH1 gene; -   [U6] the use of [U3], in which the compound that inhibits the     phosphorylation of an SR protein or enhances its dephosphorylation     is a compound that inhibits an expression or activity of a SRPK; -   [U7] the use of [U6], in which the SRPK is SRPK1 or SRPK2; -   [U8] the use of [U6], in which the compound that inhibits an     expression or activity of a SRPK is an aniline derivative     represented by the following formula:

-    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof; -    wherein, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, Q, and W are defined in [16] herein above; -   [U9] the use of [U8], in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a     C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom; -   [U10] the use of [U8] or [U9], in which the above R² is a hydrogen     atom or a C₁₋₄ alkyl group; -   [U11] the use of any one of [U8] to [U10], in which the above R³ is     a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group have a substituent, or a nitrogen-containing 5-     to 10-membered heteroaryl group which may have a substituent; -   [U12] the use of any one of [U8] to [U11], in which the above R⁴ is     a hydrogen atom; -   [U13] the use of any one of [U8] to [U12], in which the above W is a     hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a group represented by the     following formula (II):

-    wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; -   [U14] the use of [U8], in which the aniline derivative of [U8] is     selected from the group consisting of compounds with Compound Nos:     340, 348, 613, 616, 618, 622, and 624 described herein; -   [U15]the use of [U6], in which the compound that inhibits an     expression or activity of a SRPK is a SRPK miRNA, siRNA or     morpholino oligo, or is an miRNA or siRNA expression vector; -   [U16] the use of [U1] or [U2], in which the compound that reduces an     activity or expression level of an SR protein is a substance having     an activity of antagonizing an SR protein; -   [U17] the use of [U16], in which the substance having an activity of     antagonizing an SR protein is an hnRNP A1 expression vector; -   [U18] the use of any one of [U1] to [U17], in which the virus is:     any one of (1) an RNA virus: a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),     severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), poliovirus, human     rhinovirus, adult T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I), hepatitis A, C, D,     and E virus, vaccinia virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue     virus, human coronavirus, Ebola virus, influenza virus, and sindbis     virus, and (2) a DNA virus: a herpes simplex virus, human     adenovirus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, EB virus,     herpesvirus, human herpesvirus, smallpox virus, polyoma virus, and     human papilloma virus. -   [U19] the use of the aniline derivative of [U8], or a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof for inhibiting a     SRPK or for producing a SRPK inhibitor; -   [U20] the use of [U19], in which the SRPK is SRPK1 or SRPK2; -   [U21] the use of [U19] or [U20], in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen     atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a halogen     atom; -   [U22] the use of any one of [U19] to [U21], in which the above R² is     a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆ alkyl group; -   [U23] the use of any one of [U19] to [U22], in which the above R³ is     a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, or a     nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group which may     have a substituent; -   [U24] the use of any one of [U19] to [U23], in which the above R⁴ is     a hydrogen atom; -   [U25] the use of any one of [U19] to [U24], in which the above W is     a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a group represented by the     following formula (II):

-    wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are defined above; and -   [U26] the use of [U19], in which the aniline derivative of [U8] is a     compound selected from the group consisting of compounds with the     Compound Nos: 340, 348, 613, 616, 618, 622, and 624 described     herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.     [Therapeutic Methods]

The present invention includes: (1) methods for treating or preventing viral diseases by reducing or inhibiting SR protein activity, more specifically, (i) methods for treating or preventing viral diseases by dephosphorylating SR protein, and (ii) methods for treating viral diseases by inhibiting proteins that phosphorylate SR protein. In particular, the present invention relates to methods for treating or preventing viral diseases, which comprise the step of inhibiting the activity and/or expression of SRPK. SRPK inhibition results in inhibition of SR protein phosphorylation, which reduces the SR protein level and thus inhibits viral propagation.

The present invention also includes: (2) methods for treating or preventing viral diseases by inhibiting the expression of SR protein, and (3) methods for treating or preventing viral diseases by activating the function of proteins that antagonize SR protein.

III.

The present invention also includes methods for screening for antiviral agents and uses of SRPK inhibitors.

[Methods for Screening for Antiviral Agents]

The present invention also includes: (1) methods for screening SRPK inhibitors using SR proteins or peptides with two or more consecutive units of RS or SR as SRPK substrates

[SRPK Inhibitors and Use Thereof]

The present invention also includes: (1) SRPK inhibitors comprising SRPIN-1 or an analog thereof as an active ingredient, (2) viral propagation inhibitors comprising SRPIN-1 or an analog thereof as an active ingredient, and (3) antiviral therapeutic agents comprising SRPIN-1 or an analog thereof as an active ingredient.

IV. Specific Disclosures of the Present Invention

(1) Antiviral Agents that Reduce or Inhibit the Activity of SR Proteins

-   (i) Antiviral Agents that Act by Dephosphorylating SR Proteins

The antiviral agents that act by dephosphorylating SR proteins include activators that activate Phosphatase 2A (Mumby, M. C. and Walter, G (1993) Physiol. Rev. 73, 673-680; Lechward, K., Awotunde, O. S., Swiatek, W. and Muszynska, G (2001) Acta Biochim. Pol. 48, 921-933; Cohen, P. (1989) The structure and regulation of protein phosphatases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58, 453-508; Janssens, V. and Goris, J. (2001) Biochem. J. 353, 417-39). Specifically, such antiviral agents include polypeptides encoded by HIV tat gene (for example, accession number AAK08486), polypeptides encoded by adenovirus E4-ORF4 (for example, accession number AAB37507), or polypeptides encoded by vaccinia virus VH1 (for example, accession number AAV38329). Furthermore, such antiviral agents also include expression vectors for gene therapy, which carry a HIV tat gene, adenovirus E4-ORF4 gene, or vaccinia virus VH1 gene. A tat gene is available, for example, as CDS (nucleotides 5830-6044 plus nucleotides 8369-8411)under accession number AF324493; E4-ORF4 is available, for example, as CDS (nucleotides 1634-1993) under accession number S82508; vaccinia virus VH1 is available, for example, as CDS (nucleotides 1-555) under accession number BT019522.

(ii) SR Protein Kinase Inhibitors

(ii-1)

There are various kinases already known as enzymes that phosphorylate SR proteins, but these enzymes are thought to phosphorylate RS domains at different sites. The present inventors discovered that SRPKs are the only RS kinases that achieve the specific phosphorylation which contributes to SR protein stabilization. Thus, to prevent the stabilization of SR proteins through phosphorylation, the target SR protein kinases particularly include SRPKs. The SRPKs include both SRPK1 (Nature (1994) Vol. 369, pp. 678-682) and SRPK2 (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1998) Vol. 242: pp. 357-364; Wang, H. Y. et al., J. Cell. Biol. 1998, 140:737-750). The nucleotide sequence of SRPK1 gene is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 124-2088, nucleotides 109-2073, nucleotides 10-2487, and nucleotides 43-1986 of accession numbers NM_(—)003137, U09564, AJ318054, and NM_(—)016795, respectively. The amino acid sequence is set forth, for example, in accession numbers NP_(—)003128, AAA20530, CAC39299, CAA11833, and NP_(—)058075. Meanwhile, the nucleotide sequence of SRPK2 gene is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 188-2245 and nucleotides 208-2253 of accession numbers U88666 and NM_(—)009274,respectively. The amino acid sequence is set forth, for example, in AAC05299 and NP_(—)033300 (Nikolakaki, E. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276, 40175-40182 (2001); Papoutsopoulou, S., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 2972-2980 (1999); Wang, H. Y. et al., Genomics 57, 310-315 (1999); Gui, J. F. et al., Nature 369, 678-682 (1994); Wang, H. Y. et al., J. Cell Biol. 140, 737-750 (1998); Papoutsopoulou, S. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 2972-2980 (1999); Kuroyanagi, N. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 242, 357-364 (1998); Bedford, M. T. et al., EMBO J. 16, 2376-2383 (1997)). SRPK1s also include the species referred to as “SRPK1a”.

Substances having the function of inhibiting kinases (SRPKs), which are used in the methods of the present invention, include compounds (including SRPIN-1 and analogs thereof) represented by the following formula:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof;

-   wherein, R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may     have substituents, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group which may have substituents,     a C₂₋₆ alkynyl group which may have substituents, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group     which may have substituents, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano     group, an azide group, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which     may have substituents, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have     substituents, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group which may have     substituents, a carboxyl group, a formyl group, a C₁₋₆     alkoxycarbonyl group which may have substituents, an acyl group, an     acylamino group, or a sulfamoyl group; -   R² represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have     substituents or an aryl group which may have substituents; -   R³ represents a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have substituents, a C₂₋₆     alkenyl group which may have substituents, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which     may have substituents, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may     have substituents, or a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may     have substituents; -   R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; -   Q represents —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —SO₂—, —C(S)NHC(O)—, —C(O)NHC(O)—, or     —C(O)NHC(S)—; -   W represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have     substituents, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have substituents, a     halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which may have     substituents, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have substituents, a     nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have substituents, a     condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have substituents, or a     group represented by the following formula (II);

-   -   wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represent         a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have substituents,         a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have substituents, a         condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have substituents, an         acyl group, or an acylamino group; or     -   the above R⁵ and R⁶, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom,         may form a heterocycle which may have substituents, and the         heterocycle may be a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may         have substituents;     -   the above R⁵ and R⁶ may be a cycloalkylidene amino group which         may have substituents or an aromatic condensed cycloalkylidene         group which may have substituents.

Examples of the compounds described above include the compounds represented by the following formula:

X includes F, Cl, Br, I, and At.

Specifically, such compounds includes SRPIN-1, represented by the following formula:

The SRPIN-1 of the present invention is available from Maybridge (Trevillett, Tintagel, Cornwall PL34 OHW, England) and Ambinter (46 quai Louis Bleriot, Paris, F-75016 France); however, the following outlines its chemical synthesis:

(ii-2) Antiviral Agents Using RNAi Targeting SRPK1 Gene and SRPK2 Gene

Inside cells, siRNAs, morpholino oligos, or miRNAs can be used to reduce the expression level of genes encoding SRPK1 and SRPK2.

Known methods can be used to design siRNAs. The RNAs may be designed, for example, by the following methods:

(ii-2-1)

The sequences that can be used as siRNA targets avoid the 5′ and 3′ UTRs (untranslated region) and sequences adjacent to the start codon; are 50 nucleotides or more downstream of the start codon; are within the ORF and start from AA or NA; comprise 19 to 21 nucleotides (most typically 19 nucleotides) whose CG content is about 50%; and minimal sequence biases and repeats at the 5′ and 3′ ends.

When the target sequence starts with AA, siRNAs may be prepared to comprise a dinucleotide overhang of dTdT or UU. Alternatively, when the target sequence starts with NA, siRNAs may be prepared to comprise dTdN, dTdT, or UU.

To prevent cross-reactions with sequences other than the target sequence from affecting expression of proteins other than the target protein, a BLAST search or the like will confirm whether the selected sequence has homology with other RNA sequences.

The present invention also includes embodiments that use siRNA expression vectors, constructed to allow intracellular expression of the designed siRNAs.

The morpholino oligos are compounds in which multiple nucleotide-comprising morpholino subunits are linked in a chain comprising structures that link the morpholine ring and non-ionic phosphorodiamidate subunits (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,142,047; 5,185,444). Since morpholino antisense oligos are highly stable in cells and have high affinity for mRNAs, they can thus be preferably used to inhibit the expression of target genes (Summerton J E., Ann NY Acad Sci 2003; 1002: 189). Methods for designing effective morpholino oligos are already known (see Summerton, 1989, In: Discoveries in Antisense Nucleic Acids; Ed.: C. Brakel; Pub.: The Portfolio Publishing Co., Woodlands, Tex.; pages 71-80; Summerton & Weller, 1997, Antisense Nuc. Acid Drug Dev. 7, 187; and the Gene Tools website). Morpholino oligos are available from Gene Tools (Gene Tools, LLC, Philomath, Oreg.).

(2) The Antiviral Agents that Act by Inhibiting the Expression of the Genes Encoding SR Proteins Include, for Example, siRNAs, Morpholino Oligos, and miRNAs.

(2-1) siRNAs

siRNAs can be designed using the methods described above in (ii-2).

(3) Antiviral Agents Comprising Proteins that Antagonize SR Proteins or that Act by Activating These Proteins

(3-1)

The phrase “antagonize SR protein” means promoting the selection of a 3′ splice site distal to an intron in splicing, for example. Specifically, the activity of SR proteins can be canceled using a splicing regulatory factor that antagonizes SR proteins, which promote the selection of 3′ splice sites proximal to an intron. Specifically, such proteins that antagonize SR proteins include heteronuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), such as hnRNP A1, A2, and B1, but hnRNP A1 is preferable. More preferable are antiviral agents that are gene therapy expression vectors carrying an hnRNP A1-encoding gene. The gene sequence encoding hnRNP A1 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 105-1064 and nucleotides 105-1220 of accession numbers NM_(—)002136 and NM_(—)031157, respectively. The amino acid sequence of hnRNPA1 is set forth in accessions number NP_(—)002127 and NP_(—)112420, and others (Expert-Bezan, Sureau, A. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279, 38249-38259 (2004); Zahler, A. M. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279, 10077-10084 (2004); Marchand, V. et al., J. Mol. Biol. 323, 629-652 (2002); Buvoli, M. et al., EMBO J. 9, 1229-1235 (1990); Biamonti, G. et al., J. Mol. Biol. 207, 491-503 (1989); Buvoli, M. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 3751-3770(1988); Michael, W. M. et al., Cell 83, 415-422(1995)). The gene sequence encoding hnRNP A2/B1 is set forth, for example, in nucleotides 170-1192 and nucleotides 170-1228 of accession numbers NM_(—)002137 and NM_(—)031243, respectively. The amino acid sequence of hnRNP A2/B1 is set forth in accession numbers NP_(—)002128 and NP_(—)112533, and others (Kozu, T., et al., Genomics 25, 365-371 (1995); Biamonti, G et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 1996-2002 (1994); Burd, C. G. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 9788-9792 (1989); Kumar, A. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11266-11273 (1986)).

(4) Methods for Screening for Antiviral Agents, Which Comprise Screening for Substances that Inhibit SRPKs

The methods for screening for antiviral agents of the present invention are, for example, methods comprising the selection of SRPK inhibitors, which comprise the steps of reacting test compounds with SRPKs, and testing the ability of the SRPKs to phosphorylate SR proteins. Compounds that impair this ability (SRPK inhibitors) are useful as antiviral agents. In particular, the present invention also includes methods for screening for antiviral agents, which comprise screening various compounds that target SRPK1 or SRPK2 for SRPK inhibitors, using SR proteins or peptides with two or more consecutive units of RS or SR as SRPK substrates. Compounds that inhibit the SR protein-phosphorylating activity of SRPKs can be selected efficiently by using peptides with two or more consecutive units of Arg-Ser (RS) or Ser-Arg (SR) as SRPK substrates, and selecting compounds that impair SRPK's ability to phosphorylate the substrates (SRPK inhibitors).

More specifically, the screenings of the present invention comprise the steps of:

-   (a) contacting an SRPK with a substrate in the presence of a test     compound; -   (b) detecting the phosphorylation of the substrate; and -   (c) selecting compounds that impair phosphorylation compared to when     the test compound is absent or present in small amounts.

As described above, the substrates include SR proteins, partial polypeptides thereof which comprise RS domains, and polypeptides with two or more consecutive units of RS or SR (see the Examples). The SRPKs may be wild type SRPK1 or SRPK2. Alternatively, the SRPKs may be fusion proteins comprising tag peptides or other modified proteins, as long as they retain phosphorylation activity. Herein, SRPKs comprising mutations or such are also referred to as “SRPK”, as long as they retain the activity of phosphorylating SR proteins.

More specifically, herein, SRPK1 includes:

-   (a) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence of accession numbers     NP_(—)003128, AAA20530, CAC39299, CAA11833, or NP_(—)058075; -   (b) a protein with phosphorylation activity which comprises an amino     acid sequence that exhibits 80% or higher sequence identity,     preferably 85% or higher sequence identity, more preferably 90% or     higher sequence identity, still more preferably 95% or higher     sequence identity to this amino acid sequence; -   (c) a protein with phosphorylation activity which is encoded by a     nucleic acid which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a     complementary strand of a nucleic acid comprising the whole or a     portion of nucleotides 124-2088 of accession number NM_(—)003137,     nucleotides 109-2073 of accession number U09564, nucleotides 10-2487     of accession number AJ318054, or nucleotides 43-1986 of accession     number NM_(—)016795. Herein, SRPK2 includes: -   (a) a protein comprising an amino acid sequence of accession numbers     AAC05299 or NP_(—)033300; -   (b) a protein with phosphorylation activity comprising an amino acid     sequence that exhibits 80% or higher sequence identity, preferably     85% or higher sequence identity, more preferably 90% or higher     sequence identity, still more preferably 95% or higher sequence     identity to this amino acid sequence; -   (c) a protein with phosphorylation activity which is encoded by a     nucleic acid which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a     complementary strand of a nucleic acid comprising the whole or a     portion of nucleotides 188-2245 of accession number U88666, or     nucleotides 208-2253 of accession number NM_(—)009274. The “portion”     means, for example, 20 or more consecutive nucleotides, preferably     25 or more nucleotides, more preferably 30 or more nucleotides, 40     or more nucleotides, 45 or more nucleotides, 50 or more nucleotides.

Amino acid sequence identity can be determined, for example, using the BLASTP program (Altschul, S. F. et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410). For example, homology searches are carried out at the BLAST webpage of NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) using default parameters with all filters, including Low complexity, switched off (Altschul, S. F. et al. (1993) Nature Genet. 3:266-272; Madden, T. L. et al. (1996) Meth. Enzymol. 266:131-141; Altschul, S. F. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402; Zhang, J. & Madden, T. L. (1997) Genome Res. 7:649-656). Parameters may be set, for example, as follows: gap open cost=11, gap extend cost=1, wordsize=2, Dropoff (X) for blast extensions in bits=7, X dropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits)=15, final X dropoff value for gapped alignment (in bits)=25. BLOSUM62 is used as a score matrix. Sequence identity can be determined, for example, by aligning two sequences using the blast2 sequences program, which compares two sequences (Tatiana A et al. (1999) FEMS Microbiol Lett. 174:247-250). Gaps are treated in the same way as mismatches. An identity score is calculated for the entire amino acid sequence of the wild type protein, which is set forth in the above accession numbers (for example, the entire sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4). Identity scores may be calculated disregarding gaps outside the amino acid sequence of the wild type protein in the alignment. For hybridization, a probe is prepared from either a nucleic acid comprising the coding sequence of the wild type protein (for example, SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3) or a nucleic acid targeted in the hybridization, and whether or not the probe will hybridize to other nucleic acids can be identified by detection. Stringent hybridization conditions include, for example, conditions where hybridization is carried out using a solution containing 5×SSC (1×SSC comprises 150 mM NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate), 7% (W/V) SDS, 10 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 5× Denhardt's solution (1× Denhardt's solution contains 0.2% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.2% bovine serum albumin, and 0.2% Ficoll) at 48° C., preferably at 50° C., and more preferably at 52° C., and where post-hybridization washing is carried out for two hours at the same temperature as in the hybridization, more preferably at 60° C., still more preferably at 65° C., and even more preferably at 68° C. using 2×SSC, preferably 1×SSC, more preferably 0.5×SSC, and still more preferably 0.1×SSC, with shaking.

The phosphorylation activity of SRPKs can be detected, for example, by conducting a reaction between an SRPK and a substrate using labeled ATP, and quantifying the labeled substrate. Specifically, the methods described in Example 4B can be followed.

Compounds exhibiting marked antiviral activity may be further selected from the yielded compounds by detecting antiviral activity through the additional steps of:

-   (d) detecting viral propagation or the expression of a viral gene in     the presence of a selected test compound; and -   (e) selecting a compound that reduces viral propagation or viral     gene expression compared to when the compound is absent or present     in small amounts.

As described in the Examples, viral propagation or viral gene expression can be evaluated, for example, by detecting the production of viral proteins in cells introduced with the viral genome.

The present invention also relates to SRPK inhibitors and antiviral agents that comprise compounds selected by the above-described screening methods of the present invention. The present invention also relates to uses of the compounds obtained by the above-described screening methods of the present invention for producing SRPK inhibitors and/or antiviral agents, and uses of the same in SRPK inhibition and/or antiviral treatments. For example, compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds of CAS Registry Nos. 218156-96-8, 674360-18-0, 494830-83-0, 672919-05-0, 54231-51-5, 10338-55-3, 1692-79-1, 1496-40-81, 496012-09-0, 445406-05-3, 445412-62-4, and 388071-30-5 are useful as SRPK inhibitors and/or antiviral agents.

The present invention also includes uses of the above antiviral agents as viral propagation inhibitors or antiviral therapeutic agents. For example, when SRPIN-1 is used as an antiviral agent, in addition to SRPIN-1, known pharmaceutical adjuvants, for example, AZT and protease inhibitors, may be added.

The viral propagation inhibitors or antiviral therapeutic agents of the present invention may be administered, for example, orally, percutaneously, submucosally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravascularly, intracerebrally, or intraperitoneally, intermittently or continuously so that their concentration in the body falls within the range of 100 nM to 1 mM.

The SRPIN-1 analog compounds of the present invention are described in more detail below. The present invention relates to compounds with the structure indicated below, and to uses thereof.

Compounds of the present invention are aniline derivatives represented by the following formula (I):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof;

-   wherein, R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may     have substituents, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group which may have substituents,     a C₂₋₆ alkynyl group which may have substituents, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group     which may have substituents, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano     group, an azide group, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which     may have substituents, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have     substituents, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group which may have     substituents, a carboxyl group, a formyl group, a C₁₋₆     alkoxycarbonyl group which may have substituents, an acyl group, an     acylamino group, or a sulfamoyl group; -   R² represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have     substituents, or an aryl group which may have substituents; -   R³ represents a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have substituents, a C₂₋₆     alkenyl group which may have substituents, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which     may have substituents, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may     have substituents, or a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may     have substituents; -   R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; -   Q represents —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —SO₂—, —C(S)NHC(O)—, —C(O)NHC(O)—, or     —C(O)NHC(S)—; -   W represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have     substituents, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have substituents, a     halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which may have     substituents, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have substituents, a     nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have substituents, a     condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have substituents, or a     group represented by the following formula (II):

-   -   wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represent         a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have substituents,         a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have substituents, a         condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have substituents, an         acyl group, or an acylamino group; or     -   the above R⁵ and R⁶, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom,         may form a heterocycle which may have substituents, and the         heterocycle may be a condensed aromatic heterocyclic group which         may have substituents;     -   the above R⁵ and R⁶ may be a cycloalkylidene amino group which         may have substituents, or an aromatic condensed cycloalkylidene         group which may have substituents.

Among such compounds represented by formula (I), preferable compounds include, for example, the following compounds:

-   (1) compounds in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl     group which may have substituents, or a halogen atom; -   (2) compounds in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl     group, a halogenated C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or a halogen atom; -   (3) compounds in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a methyl     group, a trifluoromethyl group, a chlorine atom, or a fluorine atom; -   (4) compounds in which the above R¹ is a hydrogen atom or a     trifluoromethyl group; -   (5) compounds in which the above R² is a hydrogen atom or a C₁₋₆     alkyl group; -   (6) compounds in which the above R² is a hydrogen atom or a methyl     group; -   (7) compounds in which the above R² is a hydrogen atom; -   (8) compounds in which the above R³ is a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may     have substituents or a nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered     heteroaryl ring which may have substituents; -   (9) compounds in which the above R³ is a phenyl group; C₆₋₁₀ aryl     group which has as a substituent a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy     group, or a nitro group; or a nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered     heteroaryl group; -   (10) compounds in which the above R³ is a phenyl group; a phenyl     group which has as a substituent a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy     group, or a nitro group; or a pyridyl group; -   (11) compounds in which the above R³ is a phenyl group, a tolyl     group, a methoxyphenyl group, a nitrophenyl group, or a pyridyl     group; -   (12) compounds in which the above R³ is a tolyl group or a pyridyl     group; -   (13) compounds in which the above R³ is a 4-pyridyl group; -   (14) compounds in which the above R⁴ is a hydrogen atom; -   (15) compounds in which the above Q is —C(O)— or —C(O)NHC(S)—, where     C(O) means that an oxygen atom is linked with a carbon atom via a     double bond, and C(S) means that a sulfur atom is linked with a     carbon atom via a double bond; -   (16) compounds in which the above Q is —C(O)—; -   (17) compounds in which the above W is a hydrogen atom, a halogen     atom, or a group represented by the following formula (II):

-    wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represent a     C1-6 alkyl group which may have substituents; or -    the above R⁵ and R⁶, together with the adjacent nitrogen atom, may     form a heterocyclic group which may have substituents; and the     heterocyclic group may be a condensed aromatic heterocyclic group     which may have substituents; -   (18) compounds in which the above W is a 4- to 8-membered     heterocyclic group having one nitrogen atom, which may have a C₁₋₆     alkyl group as a substituent, a 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic group     comprising one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom, which may have a     C₁₋₆ alkyl group as a substituent, or a 4- to 8-membered     heterocyclic group which is condensed with a phenyl group and     comprises one nitrogen atom; -   (19) compounds in which the above W is a 4- to 8-membered     heterocyclic group comprising one nitrogen atom, which may have a     C₁₋₆ alkyl group as a substituent; -   (20) compounds in which the above W is a piperidinyl group or a     perhydroazepine group, which may have a C₁₋₆ alkyl group as a     substituent; and -   (21) compounds in which the above W is a hydrogen atom, a halogen     atom, a diethylamino group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a piperidinyl     group, a 2-methylpiperidinyl group, a perhydroazepine group, an     indolinyl group, an isoindolinyl group, or a     1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl group.

In the compounds described above, R¹ is preferred in the order of (1) to (4), with (4) most preferred. R² is more preferred in the order of (5) to (7), with (7) most preferred. R³ is more preferred in the order of (8) to (13), with (13) most preferred. Q is more preferred in the order of(15) to (16), with (16) most preferred. W is more preferred in the order of (17) to (20), with (20) most preferred. W defined in (21) is also preferred.

More preferable compounds are represented by the above formula (I), and comprise arbitrary combinations of preferable substituent types, each of which is selected from the group consisting of (1) to (4), the group consisting of (5) to (7), the group consisting of (8) to (13), the group consisting of (14), the group consisting of (15) to (16), or the group consisting of (17) to (21).

Specific compounds represented by formula (1) are shown herein below, but the present invention is not to be construed as being limited thereto.

TABLE 1 Compound No. Structural Formula 340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

TABLE 2 Compound No. Structural Formula 608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

TABLE 3 Compound No. Structural Formula 618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

The present invention relates to any of the compounds shown as examples above, but of these compounds, preferable compounds are those of Compound Nos. 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 608, 613, 615, 616, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, and 626; more preferable are the compounds of Compound Nos. 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 347, 348, 608, 613, 615, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622, 623, 624, 625, and 626; still more preferable are the compounds of Compound Nos. 340, 348, 613, 616, 618, 622, and 624; and further more preferable are the compounds of Compound Nos. 340, 348, 613, 618, and 624.

The present invention also relates to any of the compounds shown above as examples. In particular, the present invention also relates to novel compounds selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Compound Nos. 341, 342, 346, 347, 348, 349, 612, 613, 614, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, and 624, which are shown above as examples.

These compounds (aniline derivatives), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, are effective as SRPK inhibitors.

The compounds (aniline derivatives), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, are also useful as antiviral agents.

Representative methods for producing the compounds of the present invention, represented by the above formula (I), are described below.

The R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, Q, and W below are defined as above. Room temperature means a temperature ranging from about 20 to 30° C.

Step 1

In this step, compound 1a is reacted with compound 2a to give compound 3a. The material “nitrobenzene derivative 1a” may be available commercially or by appropriately inducing functional groups. X is a halogen atom or sulfonate used as a leaving group. Compound 2a is a reagent comprising the —NR⁵R⁶ to be introduced. It is preferable to use one to two equivalents of compound 2a. The reaction may be conducted in a solvent in the presence of a base.

It is possible to use triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, or such as the base. It is preferable to use one to five equivalents of base. Alternatively, an excess amount (one to five equivalents) of H—NR⁵R⁶ may be used as the base.

The solvents include, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and toluene.

The reaction temperature range from 0° C. to 150° C. However, room temperature is preferable.

Step 2

In this step, the nitro group of compound 3a is reduced to an amino group to give compound 4a.

The reduction method can be to contact concentrated hydrochloric acid or such in the presence of tin chloride or such in the solvent. Alternatively, standard reduction reactions, such as catalytic hydrogenation, can also be used.

The reaction solvents include methanol, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, and water, and mixed solvents comprising combinations thereof.

It is preferable to use a mass ratio of 1 to 20 equivalents of tin chloride or such, as a reducing agent. The reaction can be conducted at a temperature ranging from 0° C. to 100° C.

Compounds 3a and 4a may sometimes be available commercially, and in this case commercially available products may be used. In particular, when W in formula (1) is hydrogen or a halogen, the compound is usually commercially available. For example, the compounds of Compound Nos. 608, 612, and 623 to 626 shown herein are included in such compounds.

Step 3a

In this step, compound 4a is reacted with compound 5a to give compound 6a. L represents a halogen atom or such. The reaction can be conducted in a solvent in the presence of a base, and in the presence of a catalyst if required. It is preferable to use one to three equivalents of compound 5a in this reaction.

The reaction solvents include dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and the like.

As the base, triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine, pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, and such may be used.

Standard amide bond-forming reactions using condensing agents can be used when L is a hydroxyl group, and standard amide bond-forming reactions can also be used when L is a leaving group, such as a succinimidyl group or imidazole group.

The catalysts include 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and such.

The reaction temperature may range from 0° C. to 100° C.

Step 3b

In this step, compound 4a is reacted with compound 5b to give compound 6b.

The reaction can be conducted using acyl isothiocyanate in a solvent in the presence of a base. Acyl isothiocyanate may be commercially available, or may be prepared by reacting an appropriate acyl halide and thiocyanate in solution, and then used as is. It is preferable to use one to five equivalents of acyl isothiocyanate. The thiocyanates that can be used include potassium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, and ammonium thiocyanate. One to five equivalents of thiocyanate are preferably used.

The solvents include, for example, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and 1,4-dioxane.

The bases include, for example, triethylamine, diisopropyl ethylamine pyridine, and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. It is preferable to use one to five equivalents of the base.

The reaction can be conducted at a temperature ranging from 0° C. to 150° C.

Step 4a

In this step, the amide group of compound 6a is alkylated (converted into R²) to give compound 7a.

The reaction can be conducted in a solvent using an alkylating agent (R²—X) in the presence of a base. X is a halogen atom or sulfonate which serves as a leaving group. One to five equivalents of the alkylating agent (R²—X) are preferably used.

The solvents include, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and ether.

The bases include sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium hydride, butyl lithium, methyl lithium, phenyl lithium, and lithiumdiisopropyl amide. One to five equivalents of base are preferably used.

The reaction can be conducted at a temperature ranging from 0° C. to 150° C.

Step 4b

In this step, the carbonyl group with an amide bond in compound 6a is converted into a thiocarbonyl group to give compound 7b.

The reaction is conducted using a thiocarbonylating agent in a solvent. The thiocarbonylating agents include, for example, Lawesson's reagent (2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide) and phosphorous pentasulfide (phosphorus decasulfide, P4S₁₀). It is preferable to use one to five equivalents of thiocarbonylating agent.

The solvents include, for example, toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, and tetrahydrofuran.

The reaction can be conducted at a temperature ranging from 0° C. to 200° C.

The above are representative methods for producing compound (I) of the present invention. The material compounds and various reagents used to produce the compounds of the present invention may form salts, hydrates, or solvates thereof, and each vary depending on the type of starting materials or solvents and such to be used; they are not particularly limited as long as they do not inhibit the reaction. The types of solvents used varies with the types of starting materials and reagents and such. Of course, the solvents are not particularly limited as long as they dissolve the starting material to some extent and do not inhibit the reaction. When compound (I) of the present invention is yielded in a free form, it can be converted according to conventional methods into a salt or hydrate thereof that may be formed by compound (I).

When compound (I) of the present invention is yielded as a salt or a hydrate thereof, it can be converted into a free form of the above compound (I) according to conventional methods.

Various isomers (for example, geometric isomers, optical isomers based on asymmetric carbons, rotational isomers, stereoisomers, and tautomers) of compound (I) of the present invention can be purified and isolated using conventional isolation means, for example, recrystallization, diastereomer salt methods, enzyme-based resolution methods, various chromatographic methods (for example, thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, and gas chromatography).

In the present invention, SRPIN-1 analogs can be used to inhibit the activity of SRPKs. Specifically, the phosphorylation activity of SRPK1 and/or SRPK2 can be inhibited by administering the SRPIN-1 analogs described herein. The present invention relates to uses of SRPIN-1 analogs to inhibit SRPK activity. The present invention also relates to SRPK inhibitors comprising SRPIN-1 analogs. The present invention also relates to uses of SRPIN-1 analogs to produce SRPK inhibitors. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to methods for inhibiting SRPK activity, which comprises the step of contacting an SRPIN-1 analog with a SRPK. The phrase “contacting with SRPK” can mean that an SRPIN-1 analog is administered in vitro or in vivo to cells, tissues, and/or individuals expressing SRPK.

In the present invention, SRPIN-1 analogs can also be used to inhibit viral propagation. Specifically, viral propagation is inhibited when the phosphorylation activity of SRPK1 and/or SRPK2 is inhibited by administering the SRPIN-1 analogs described herein. The present invention relates to uses of SRPIN-1 analogs to inhibit viral propagation. The present invention also relates to antiviral agents comprising SRPIN-1 analogs. The present invention also relates to uses of SRPIN-1 analogs to produce antiviral agents. The present invention also relates to methods for inhibiting viral propagation, which comprise the step of contacting an SRPIN-1 analog with a SRPK. The phrase “contacting with SRPK” can mean that an SRPIN-1 analog is administered in vitro or in vivo to cells, tissues, and/or individuals expressing SRPK.

The present invention also provides packages comprising the above-descried SRPIN-1 analogs or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or hydrates thereof, where the fact that the compounds have SRPK-inhibiting and/or antiviral activity is recorded on the package or package contents. Herein a package refers to a package that contains an SRPIN-1 analog, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof. The packages may include a container for the SRPIN-1 analog or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, and may further include a bag or outer case or such to contain the container.

The present invention also provides packages comprising compounds that reduce the activity or expression level of SR proteins, where the fact that the compounds have antiviral activity is recorded on the package or package contents. In particular, the present invention provides packages in which the compound is a compound having the activity of inhibiting the expression and/or activity of an SRPK.

The compounds of the present invention can be formulated into compositions in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. For example, the compounds may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using known preparation techniques. When the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are used as SRPK inhibitors, antiviral agents (specifically, preventive or therapeutic agents for viral diseases), or other pharmaceuticals, they can be administered, for example, orally in dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, granules, powders, pills, troches, or syrups, or parenterally in dosage forms, such as injections, aerosols, suppositories, patches, poultices, lotions, liniments, ointments, or eye drops. Such preparations are produced by known methods using additives, such as excipients, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, stabilizers, flavoring agents, and diluents.

Excipients include, for example, starches, such as starch, potatostarch, and cornstarch; lactate; crystalline cellulose; and calcium hydrogen phosphate.

Coating agents include, for example, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, shellac, talc, camauba wax, and paraffin.

Binders include, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Macrogol, and the same compounds as described above for the excipients.

Disintegrating agents include, for example, the same compounds as described above for the excipients; and chemically modified starches and celluloses, such as cross carmellose sodium, carboxymethyl starch sodium, and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Stabilizers include, for example, paraoxybenzoates such as methylparaben and propylparaben; alcohols such as chlorobutanol, benzylalcohol, and phenyl ethyl alcohol; benzalkonium chloride; phenols such as phenol and cresol; thimerosal; dehydroacetic acid; and sorbic acid.

Flavoring agents include, for example, generally used sweeteners, acidifiers, and spices.

Solvents used to produce solutions include ethanol, phenol, chlorocresol, purified water, and distilled water.

Detergents and emulsifiers include, for example, polysorbate 80, polyoxyl 40 stearate, and Lauromacrogol.

When the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are used as SRPK inhibitors or antiviral agents, the doses of the compound of the present invention or the pharmaceutical acceptable salts thereof are varied depending on the symptoms, age, type of administration procedure, and such. For example, depending on the symptoms, when administered orally the compounds are preferably administered at a daily dose of 0.01 mg (preferably 0.1 mg) (lower limit) to 2000 mg (preferably 500 mg, more preferably 100 mg) (upper limit) per patient (warm-blooded animals, human in particular), administered at one time or divided into several times. When administered intravenously, the compounds are preferably administered at a daily dose of 0.001 mg (preferably 0.01 mg) (lower limit) to 500 mg (preferably 50 mg) (upper limit) per adult, administered at one time or divided into several times, depending on the symptoms.

EXAMPLES

Herein below, the present invention will be specifically described using Examples, however, it is not to be construed as being limited thereto. All publications cited herein have been incorporated as parts of this description.

Silica gel (MERCK 9385-5B, 70-230 mesh) was used in column chromatography as described below. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using glass plates pre-coated with silica gel (MERCK 5715, silica gel 60 F₂₅₄). Melting points were measured using a Yanaco MP-500D micro melting point apparatus, manufactured by Yanaco Analytical Instruments Corp. ¹H NMR spectra were measured using a NMR spectrometer JNM AL-400 manufactured by JEOL Ltd. CDCl₃ or CD₃OD (ISOTEC) was used as a solvent in the measurement of NMR spectra. Chemical shift is expressed as a relative value when tetramethylsilane ((CH₃)₄Si) is used as an internal standard (0 ppm). The coupling constant (J) is shown in Hz. The symbols, s, d, t, m, and br, represent singlet, doublet, triplet, qualtet, multiplet, and broad peak, respectively.

Referential Example 1 Synthesis of SRPIN-1

Representative synthesis methods for SRPIN-1 (code name GIF-0340) are described below.

Referential Example 1-1A

Piperidine (220 μl, 2.22 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (220 μl, 2.40 mmol) were sequentially added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 1 ml) solution containing 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (427 mg, 2.04 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for one hour. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ether. The extracted organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure.

The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (40 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1). Thus, 1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine (561 mg, 2.04 mmol, quant.) was yielded as an orange-colored solid.

The results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) are as follows: TLC R_(f) 0.47 (hexane/acetone=16/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.61-1.68 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.72 (tt, 4H, J=5.3, 5.3 Hz, 2CH₂), 3.13 (t, 4H, J=5.3 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.13 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz, aromatic) 7.61 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.8 Hz, aromatic), 8.03 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, aromatic).

Referential Example 1-2A

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.00 ml, 24.0 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (2.50 g, 13.1 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (10 ml) solution containing 1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine (559 mg, 2.03 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-1A. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and then stirred for 17.5 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=14/1)). Thus, 2-(l-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (448 mg, 1.83 mmol, 90.4%) was yielded as a pale yellow solid.

The results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) are as follows: TLC R_(f) 0.30(hexane/acetone=18/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.59-1.60 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.71 (tt, 4H, J=5.4, 5.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.85 (brs, 4H, 2CH₂), 4.09 (brs, 2H, NH₂), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=1.9 Hz, aromatic), 6.97 (dd, 1H, J=1.9, 8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.01 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, aromatic).

Referential Example 1-3A

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (151 mg, 0.850 mmol, commercially available product), triethylamine (450 μl, 3.23 mmol), and a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (173 mg, 0.708 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2A. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 19.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1.5/1) and recrystallization (hexane). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (SRPIN-1, code name GIF-0340) (83.8 mg, 0.240 mmol, 33.9%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 96-98° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.40 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.67-1.68 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.78 (tt, 4H, J=5.5, 5.5 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.88 (t, 4H, J=5.5 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.29 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.40 (dd, 1H, J=1.8, 8.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.76 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.86 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.87 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, aromatic), 9.53 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 1-1B

Piperidine (5.50 ml, 55.5 mmol, commercially available product) was added at 0° C. to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 7 ml) solution of 1-chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (5.00 g, 22.4 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for 40 minutes. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (200 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=8/1). Thus, 1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine (6.13 g, quant.) was yielded as an orange-colored solid.

Referential Example 1-2B

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (12.2 ml, 146 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (12.7 g, 67.2 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane solution (10 ml) of 1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine (6.13 g, 22.4 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-1 B. The resulting mixture was stirred for seven hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (200 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=15/1). Thus, 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (4.55 g, 83.0%) was yielded as a pale yellow solid.

Referential Example 1-3B

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (6.48 g, 36.4 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (5.57 ml, 54.6 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (10 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (4.45 g, 18.2 mmol) obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2B. The mixture was stirred for half an hour. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (200 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1) and recrystallization. Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (SRPIN-1, GIF-0340) (5.49 g, 86.3%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

Referential Example 2 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0613

Referential Example 2-1

(S)-2-methylpiperidine (270 μl, 2.24 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.5 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (211 mg, 1.00 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for two hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=12/1). Thus, (S)-1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpiperidine (286 mg, 99.2%) was yielded as an orange-colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.44 (hexane/ethyl acetate=16/1).

Referential Example 2-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.00 ml, 12.0 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (903 mg, 4.76 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (5 ml) solution of (S)-1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpiperidine (275 mg, 0.953 mmol), obtained as described in [Referential Example 2-1]. The resulting mixture was warned to room temperature and stirred for 17 hours. A saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=12/1). Thus, (S)-2-(2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (233 mg, 94.6%) was yielded as a colorless oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.38 (hexane/ethyl acetate=16/1).

Referential Example 2-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (466 mg, 2.61 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (600 μl, 4.30 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of (S)-2-(2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (223 mg, 0.863 mmol), obtained as described in [Referential Example 2-2]. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 19.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1.5/1). Thus, (S)-N-[2-(2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0613) (293 mg, 93.4%) was yielded as an colorless oily material.

The results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) are as follows: TLC R_(f) 0.40 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 0.84 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz, CH₃), 1.39-1.69 (m, 3H, CH₂, CH), 1.82-1.86 (m, 1H, CH), 1.92-1.95 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.65-2.72 (m, 1H, CH), 2.89-2.92 (m, 1H, CH), 2.98-3.02 (m, 1H, CH), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.40 (dd, 1H, J=2.2, 8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.75 (dd, 2H, J=1.8, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.86 (dd, 2H, J=1.8, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.93 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, aromatic), 10.1 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 3 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0617

Referential Example 3-1

Pyrrolidine ((983 μl, 12.0 mmol, commercially available product) was added at 0° C. to a N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 4 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (1.02 g, 4.89 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=5/1). Thus, 1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (1.26 g, 99.3%) was yielded as an orange-colored solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.45 (hexane/ethyl acetate=5/1).

Referential Example 3-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.36 ml, 16.3 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.55 g, 8.16 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (4 ml) solution of 1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (606 mg, 2.33 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 3-1. The resulting mixture was stirred for four hours. A saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=15/1). Thus, 1-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (550 mg, quant.) was yielded as a red-orange colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.63 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1).

Referential Example 3-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (705 mg, 3.96 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (823 μl, 5.94 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (10 ml) solution of 1-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (516 mg, 2.24 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 3-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for five hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/2). Thus, N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0617) (734 mg, 97.8%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 134-135° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.29 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 2.01 (tt, 4H, J=3.2 Hz, 6.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 3.15 (t, 4H, J=6.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.19 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz, aromatic), 7.38 (dd, 1H, J=2.2, 8.5 Hz, aromatic), 7.71 (dd, 2H, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.53 (d, 1H, J=2.2, Hz, aromatic), 8.79 (s, 1H, NH), 8.83 (dd, 2H, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, aromatic).

Referential Example 4 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0618

Referential Example 4-1

Hexahydro-1H-azepine (682 μl, 6.05 mmol, commercially available product) was added at 0° C. to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 2 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (506 mg, 2.42 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for one hour. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=7/1). Thus, hexahydro-1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-azepine (680 mg, 97.5%) was yielded as an orange-colored solid.

The results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) are as follows: TLC R_(f) 0.49 (hexane/ethyl acetate=5/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.57-1.63 (m, 4H, 2CH₂), 1.79-1.83 (m, 4H, 2CH₂), 3.31 (t, 4H, J=5.5 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.11 (d, 1H, J=9.1 Hz, aromatic) 7.53 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 9.1 Hz, aromatic), 7.99 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, aromatic).

Referential Example 4-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.27 ml, 15.2 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.43 g, 7.54 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (5 ml) solution of hexahydro-1-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-azepine (675 mg, 2.34 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 4-1. The resulting mixture was stirred for two hours. A saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=20/1). Thus, 1-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-hexahydro-1H-azepine (522 mg, 86.3%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) are as follows: TLC R_(f) 0.81 (hexane/ethyl acetate=3/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.70-1.84 (m, 8H, 4CH₂), 3.04 (t, 4H, J=5.4, Hz, 2CH₂), 4.10 (brs, 2H, NH₂), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=1.2 Hz, aromatic), 6.94 (dd, 1H, J=1.2, 7.9 Hz, aromatic), 7.05 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz, aromatic).

Referential Example 4-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (704 mg, 3.95 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (823 μl, 5.94 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (6 ml) solution of 1-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-hexahydro-1H-azepine (512 mg, 1.98 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 4-2. The resulting mixture was stirred for one and a half hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=2/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-hexahydro-1H-azepinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0618) (697 mg, 97.0%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 138-139° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.40 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.79 (br, 8H, 4CH₂), 3.06-3.10 (m, 4H, 2CH₂), 7.31 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.37 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.76 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 6.0 Hz, aromatic), 8.85 (m, 3H, aromatic), 9.66 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 5 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0346

Referential Example 5-1

Morpholine (190 μl, 2.17 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.5 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (209 mg, 1.00 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for three hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=3/1). Thus, 4-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]morpholine (270 mg, 97.7%) was yielded as an orange-colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.27 (hexane/ethyl acetate=3/1).

Referential Example 5-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.00 ml, 12.0 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (905 mg, 4.77 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (5 ml) solution of 4-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]morpholine (263 mg, 0.952 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 5-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 20 hours. A saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=2/1). Thus, 4-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]morpholine (214 mg, 91.2%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.31 (hexane/ethyl acetate=3/1).

Referential Example 5-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (320 mg, 1.80 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (480 μl, 3.44 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 4-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]morpholine (196 mg, 0.796 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 5-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 60 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=2/1). Thus, N-[2-(4-morpholinly)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0346) (65.1 mg, 23.2%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 172-173° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.23 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/3); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 2.96 (t, 4H, J=4.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 3.92 (t, 4H, J=4.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.34 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.44 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.75 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.87-8.88 (m, 3H, aromatic) 9.48 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 6 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0347

Referential Example 6-1

Diethylamine (230 μl, 2.22 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.5 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (211 mg, 1.01 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for three hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=8/1). Thus, 1-diethylamino-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (258 mg, 98.3%) was yielded as an orange-colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.37 (hexane/ethyl acetate/ether=16/1/1).

Referential Example 6-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.00 ml, 12.0 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (908 mg, 4.78 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (5 ml) solution of 1-diethylamino-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (251 mg, 0.957 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 6-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 22 hours. A saturated solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=20/1-10/1). Thus, 2-amino-1-diethylamino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (144 mg,. 64.7%) was yielded as a colorless oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.22 (hexane/ethyl acetate=30/1).

Referential Example 6-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (88.2 mg, 0.495 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (140 μL, 1.00 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (3 ml) solution of 2-amino-1-diethylamino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (103 mg, 0.443 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 6-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for one and a half hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=2/1). Thus, N-[2-diethylamino-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0347) (51.0 mg, 34.1%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 78-80° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.31 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.01 (t, 6H, J=7.1 Hz, 2CH₃), 3.04 (q, 4H, J=7.1 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.33 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.41 (dd, 1H, J=1.8, 8.2 Hz, aromatic), 7.73 (dd, 2H, J=1.8, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.60 (d, 1H, J=2.6 Hz, aromatic), 8.85 (dd, 2H, J=1.8, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.91 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz, aromatic) 9.90 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 7 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0343

Nicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (122 mg, 0.685 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (250 μl, 1.79 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (152 mg, 0.622 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (15 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1.5/1-1/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]nicotinamide (GIF-0343) (98.4 mg, 45.3%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 145-146° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.40 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.62-1.69 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.79 (tt, 4H, J=5.8, 5.8 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.88 (t, 4H, J=5.8 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.29 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.39 (dd, 1H, J=2.0, 8.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.51 (dd, 1H, J=4.8, 8.0 Hz, aromatic), 8.30 (ddd, 1H, J=1.6, 2.4, 8.0 Hz, aromatic), 8.82 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 4.8 Hz, aromatic), 8.87 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, aromatic), 9.16 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, aromatic), 9.53 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 8 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0344

Benzoyl chloride (50.0 μl, 0.430 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (170 μl, 1.21 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (3 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (102 mg, 0.417 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide (GIF-0344) (126 mg, 86.7%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 128-129° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.46 (hexane/ethyl acetate=4/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.62-1.70 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.78 (tt, 4H, J=5.2, 5.2 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.88 (t, 4H, J=5.2 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.26 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz, aromatic), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=0.8, 8.6 Hz, aromatic), 7.52-7.61 (m, 1H, aromatic), 8.10 (m, 2H, aromatic), 7.94 (m, 2H, aromatic), 8.91 (d, 1H, J=0.8 Hz, aromatic), 9.44 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 9 Code Name GIF-0345

4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride (64.2 mg, 0.345 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (120 μl, 0.859 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (2 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (51.2 mg, 0.209 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 60 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=8/1-6/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-nitrobenzamide (GIF-0345) (46.3 mg, 56.3%) was yielded as a yellow solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 125-136° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.33 (hexane/ethyl acetate=4/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.62-1.70 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.77 (tt, 4H, J=5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.88 (t, 4H, J=5.0 Hz, 2C₂), 7.30 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, aromatic), 7.40 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.2 Hz, aromatic), 8.10 (dd, 2H, J=1.8, 6.8 Hz, aromatic), 8.41 (d, 2H, J=1.8, 6.8 Hz, aromatic), 8.86 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, aromatic), 9.54 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 10 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0615

4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride (250 mg, 1.47 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (254 μl, 1.83 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (4 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (147 mg, 0.602 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 17 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=5/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-methoxybenzamide (GIF-0615) (240 mg, quant.) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 111-114° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.33 (hexane/ethyl acetate=4/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.64-1.68 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.78 (tt, 4H, J=5.4, 5.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 1.60-1.70 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.39-2.41 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.87 (t, 4H, J=5.4 Hz, 2CH₂), 3.89 (s, 3H, CH₃), 7.03 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 7.0 Hz, aromatic), 7.23 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, aromatic), 7.32 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.0 Hz, aromatic), 7.91 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 7.0 Hz, aromatic), 8.88 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz, aromatic), 9.34 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 11 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0622

p-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (233 g, 1.22 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (254 μl, 1.83 mmol) were sequentially added at room temperature to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (149 mg, 0.610 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2. The resulting mixture was stirred for 60 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-p-toluenesulfonamide (GIF-0622) (243 mg, quant) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 117-134° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.49 (hexane/ethyl acetate=5/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.55-1.60 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.66 (tt, 4H, J=5.2, 5.2 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.51 (t, 4H, J=5.2 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.11 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz, aromatic), 7.22-7.28 (m, 3H, aromatic), 7.71 (dd, 2H, J=1.8, 8.6 Hz, aromatic), 7.85 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, aromatic), 7.94 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 12 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0624

An acetonitrile (15 ml) solution containing potassium thiocyanate (119 mg, 1.22 mmol, commercially available product) and nicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (352 mg, 1.97 mmol, commercially available product) was stirred at 70° C. for 40 minutes. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then an acetonitrile (5 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (244 mg, 1.00 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-2, and triethylamine (278 μl, 2.00 mmol) were sequentially added thereto. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for one hour. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=4/1-1/1). Thus, 1-nicotinoyl-3-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea (GIF-0624) (383 mg, 93.7%) was yielded as a pale yellow solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 142-144° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.26 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.58-1.67 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.75-1.85 (m, 4H, 2CH₂), 2.89-2.95 (m, 4H, 2CH₂), 7.33-7.40 (m, 1H, aromatic), 7.44-7.48 (m, 1H, aromatic), 7.60-7.65 (m, 1H, aromatic), 8.76-8.78 (m, 1H, aromatic), 9.05 (s, 0.6H, aromatic), 9.09-9.14 (m, 1H, aromatic), 8.37-8.39 (m, 1H, aromatic), 8.49 (s, 0.4H, aromatic).

Referential Example 13 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0614

Sodium hydride (60% (w/w) oil mixture) (200 mg, 0.500 mmol) was added at 0° C. to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.5 ml) solution of 5 N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (SRPIN-1, GIF-0340) (121 mg, 0.496 mmol), obtained as described in Referential example 1-3. The resulting mixture was stirred for one hour, and an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution of methyl iodide (0.8 M, 0.62 ml, 0.496 mmol) was added thereto at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for three hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (12 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-methyl-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0614) (65.9 mg, 51.5%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 119-121° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.36 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.50-1.60 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.60-1.70 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.60-1.70 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.39-2.41 (m, 2H, CH₂), 2.80-2.82 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.20 (s, 3H, CH₃), 6.86 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz, aromatic), 7.15 (d, 2H, J=4.4 Hz, aromatic), 7.41 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz, aromatic), 7.48 (s, 1H, aromatic), 8.44 (d, 2H, J=4.4 Hz, aromatic).

Referential Example 14 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0616

Lawesson's reagent (328 mg, 0.811 mmol, commercially available product) was added to a toluene (2.5 ml) solution of N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (SRPIN-1, GIF-0340) (528 mg, 1.51 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 1-3, and the resulting mixture was stirred with refluxing at 100° C. for 12 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then an aqueous solution of 2 M sodium hydroxide was added thereto to alkalify the solution. The mixture was reverse extracted three times with an aqueous solution of 12 M sodium hydroxide. 2 M hydrochloric acid was added to the aqueous layer to acidify the solution. Then, the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ether. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinthioamide (GIF-0616) (186 mg, 33.7%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 108-109° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.27 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ

1.61-1.62 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.68 (tt, 4H, J=5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.87 (t, 4H, (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.51 (dd, 1H, J=1.6 Hz, aromatic), 7.71 (dd, 2H, J=1.6, 6.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.76 (dd, 2H, J=1.6, 6.4 Hz, aromatic), 9.58 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz, aromatic), 10.5 ((s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 15 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0341

Referential Example 15-1

Piperidine (660 μl, 6.66 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 1 ml) solution of 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene (390 mg, 2.03 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for 18.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1). Thus, 1-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (471 mg, 96.4%) was yielded as an orange-colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.18 (hexane alone).

Referential Example 15-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (2.00 ml, 24.0 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.84 g, 9.70 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (10 ml) solution of 1-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (471 mg, 1.95 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 15-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=9/1). Thus, 5-chloro-2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (388 mg, 94.3%) was yielded as a colorless oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.26 (hexane/ethyl acetate=18/1).

Referential Example 15-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (350 mg, 1.96 mmol, commercially available product), triethylamine (740 μl, 5.30 mmol), and a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine were sequentially added at room temperature to a dichloromethane (10 ml) solution of 5-chloro-2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (378 mg, 1.79 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 15-2. The resulting mixture was stirred for 19 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (200 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-[5-chloro-2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0341) (180 mg, 31.8%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 141-143° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.32 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.61-1.62 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.76 (tt, 4H, J=5.0, 5.0 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.82 (t, 4H, J=5.0 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.09 (dd, 1H, J=2.6, 8.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.14 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.75 (dd, 2H, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.60 (d, 1H, J=2.6 Hz, aromatic), 8.85 (dd, 2H, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 9.66 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 16 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0342

Referential Example 16-1

Piperidine (660 μl, 6.66 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 1 ml) solution of 4-chloro-3-nitrotoluene (358 mg, 2.08 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 17 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then water was added thereto. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=50/1). Thus, 1-(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (212 mg, 46.2%) was yielded as a colorless oily material. TLC R_(f) 0.54 (hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1).

Referential Example 16-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.70 ml, 8.4 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (834 mg, 4.39 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (5 ml) solution of 1-(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (212 mg, 0.880 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 16-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=12/1). Thus, 5-methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (164 mg, 95.0%) was yielded as a pale yellow oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.36 (hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1)

Referential Example 16-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (172 mg, 0.966 mmol, commercially available product), triethylamine (340 μl, 2.44 mmol), and a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine were sequentially added at room temperature to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 5-methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (155 mg, 0.815 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 16-2. The resulting mixture was stirred for 19 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-[5-methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0342) (69.5 mg, 28.8%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 142-144° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.35 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.62-1.70 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.75 (tt, 4H, J=4.9, 4.9 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.37 (s, 3H, 4.9 Hz, 2CH₂), 6.94 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 8.1 Hz, aromatic), 7.12 (d, 1H, J=8.1 Hz, aromatic), 7.76 (dd, 2H, J=1.3, 4.5 Hz, aromatic), 8.38 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz, aromatic), 8.84 (dd, 2H, J=1.3, 4.5 Hz, aromatic), 9.75 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 17 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0348

Referential Example 17-1

Piperidine (320 μl, 3.23 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.5 ml) solution of 1,4-difluoro-2-nitrobenzene (225 mg, 1.41 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for two hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=12/1). Thus, 1-(4-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (298 mg, 94.2%) was yielded as an orange-colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.46 (hexane/ethyl acetate=12/1).

Referential Example 17-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.20 ml, 14.4 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.22 g, 6.43 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (5 ml) solution of 1-(4-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (289 mg, 1.28 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 17-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 21 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=12/1). Thus, 5-fluoro-2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (250 mg, quant.) was yielded as a colorless oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.34 (hexane/ethyl acetate=16/1)

Referential Example 17-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (454 mg, 2.55 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (385 μl, 3.83 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (10 ml) solution of 5-fluoro-2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (248 mg, 1.27 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 17-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 17 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (15 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1.5/1). Thus, N-[5-fluoro-2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0348) (257 mg, 67.6%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 115-116° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.40 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.62-1.69 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.76 (bs, 4H, 2CH₂), 2.82 (bs, 4H, 2CH₂), 6.81 (ddd, 1H, J=2.8, 8.8, 10.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.18 (dd, 1H, J=5.6, 8.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.75 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.34 (dd, 1H, J=2.8, 10.8 Hz, aromatic), 9.16 (dd, 2H, J=2.0, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 9.83 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 18 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0349

Referential Example 18-1

Piperidine (338 μl, 3.41 mmol, commercially available product) was added at room temperature to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 0.5 ml) solution of 2-fluoro-1-nitrobenzene (219 mg, 1.55 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was stirred for two hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=20/1). Thus, 1-(2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (315 mg, 98.8%) was yielded as a colorless oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.53 (hexane/ethyl acetate=16/1).

Referential Example 18-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.50 ml, 18.0 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.45 g, 7.64 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (10 ml) solution of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)piperidine (315 mg, 1.52 mmol) obtained as described in Referential Example 18-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 17 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=15/1). Thus, 2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (238 mg, 88.8%) was yielded as a pale yellow oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.19 (hexane/ethyl acetate=18/1)

Referential Example 18-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (616 mg, 3.46 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (800 μl, 5.73 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 2-(1-piperidinyl)aniline (203 mg, 1.15 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 18-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for two hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0349) (259 mg, 80.0%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

The melting point, and results of TLC and ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), are as follows: m.p. 111-113° C.; TLC R_(f) 0.35 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.62-1.67 (m, 2H, CH₂), 1.76 (tt, 4H, J=4.8, 4.8 Hz, 2CH₂), 2.85 (t, 4H, J=4.8 Hz, 2CH₂), 7.13 (td, 1H, J=1.6, 7.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.21 (td, 1H, J=1.6, 7.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.24 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 7.8 Hz, aromatic), 7.77 (dd, 2H, J=1.9, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 8.53 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 7.8 Hz, aromatic), 8.84 (dd, 2H, J=1.9, 4.4 Hz, aromatic), 9.71 (s, 1H, NH).

Referential Example 19 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0619

Referential Example 19-1

Indoline (402 μl, 3.59 mmol, commercially available product) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (619 μl, 3.59 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 2 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (498 mg, 2.38 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for one hour. The mixture was then heated at 70° C. for 5.5 hours with stirring. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=20/1). Thus, 1-(2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)indoline (730 mg, 99.4%) was yielded as a deep red oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.48 (hexane/ethyl acetate=6/1).

Referential Example 19-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.28 ml, 15.4 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.57 g, 8.30 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (7 ml) solution of 1-(2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)indoline (730 mg, 2.37 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 19-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature, and stirred for eight hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1). Thus, 1-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]indoline (619 mg, 93.9%) was yielded as a red-orange colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.27 (hexane/ethyl acetate=6/1).

Referential Example 19-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (669 mg, 3.76 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (773 μl, 5.58 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 1-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]indoline (518 mg, 1.86 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 19-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 2.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-[2-(1-indolinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0619) (643 mg, 90.1%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.32 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1).

Referential Example 20 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0620

Referential Example 20-1

Isoindoline (679 μl, 5.98 mmol, commercially available product) was added at 0° C. to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 2 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (508 mg, 2.43 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for two hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=15/1). Thus, 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoindoline (749 mg, quant.) was yielded as a yellow solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.42 (hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1).

Referential Example 20-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.13 ml, 13.5 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.38 g, 7.28 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (7 ml) solution of 2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoindoline (641 mg, 2.08 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 20-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 8.5 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=15/1). Thus, 2-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoindoline (225 mg, 38.9%) was yielded as a red-orange colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.38 (hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1).

Referential Example 20-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (250 mg, 1.40 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (287 μl, 2.07 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (6 ml) solution of 2-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoindoline (193 mg, 0.694 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 20-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for three hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1). Thus, N-[2-(2-isoindolinyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0620) (266 mg, quant.) was yielded as a colorless solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.31 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1).

Referential Example 21 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0621

Referential Example 21-1

1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (909 μl, 7.26 mmol, commercially available product) was added at 0° C. to an N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 4 ml) solution of 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (506 g, 2.42 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 3.5 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1). Thus, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoquinoline (779 mg, 99.9%) was yielded as an orange-colored solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.54 (hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1).

Referential Example 21-2

Concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.11 ml, 13.3 mmol) and anhydrous tin dichloride (1.35 g, 7.12 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a methanol (8 ml) solution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isoquinoline (658 mg, 2.04 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 21-1. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. A saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=20/1). Thus, 2-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (426 mg, 71.4%) was yielded as a red-orange colored oily material.

TLC R_(f) 0.36 (hexane/ethyl acetate=10/1).

Referential Example 21-3

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (390 mg, 2.19 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (449 l, 3.24 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 2-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (315 mg, 1.08 mmol), obtained as described in Referential Example 21-2. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for half an hour. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20 g, hexane/ethyl acetate=2/1). Thus, N-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0621) (418 mg, 97.6%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.52 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1).

Referential Example 22 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0608

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (670 mg, 3.76 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (864 μl, 6.20 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (208 mg, 1.29 mmol, commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 23 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by recrystallization (ethyl acetate). Thus, N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0608) (166 mg, 48.3%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.26 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/2).

Referential Example 23 Synthesis of Code Name GIF-0612

Isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (427 mg, 2.39 mmol, commercially available product) and triethylamine (410 μl, 2.94 mmol) were sequentially added at 0° C. to a dichloromethane (5 ml) solution of 2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (480 mg, 2.00 mmol; commercially available product). The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 24 hours. Water was added to the mixture, and the resulting mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The obtained organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by recrystallization (ethyl acetate). Thus, N-[2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide (GIF-0612) (308 mg, 44.8%) was yielded as a colorless solid.

TLC R_(f) 0.46 (hexane/ethyl acetate=1/1).

Referential Example 24 Testing the Toxicity of SRPIN-1

Chromosomal screening tests were carried out using mammalian cells to evaluate SRPIN-1 abnormalities. The mutagenicity of SRPIN-1 was evaluated using Chinese hamster CHL cells (Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd) and with the inducibility of chromosome abnormality as an indicator. The tests used the metabolic activation method (+S9 mix) with a short treatment (six hours of treatment, 18 hours of restoration), and, in the absence of a metabolic activation system, used a continuous treatment method (24 hours of treatment). CHL cells were cultured in MEM Earle (GIBCO BRL) containing 10% fetal calf serum (ICN Flow) under 5% CO₂ at 37° C. Assays by the metabolic activation method used S9 fraction (Oriental Yeast Co Ltd.; A. T. Natarajan et al., Mutation Res., 37, pp 83-90 (1976)), which had been prepared from the liver of Sprague-Dawley rats (male, 7 weeks old; Charles River Laboratories Japan, Inc) to which phenobarbital was administered intraperitoneally once a day for four consecutive days (30 mg/kg in the first administration, and 60 mg/kg in the second to fourth administrations) and at the third administration, 5,6-benzoflavone was given intraperitoneally at a dose of 80 mg/kg. 1 ml of the S9 mix used in this assay contained 4 μmol of HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), 5 μmol of MgCl₂, 33 μmol of KCl, 5 μmol of G6P, 4 μmol of NADP, and 0.3 ml of S9 fraction.

In the short treatment method, CHL cells (about 4×10³ cells/ml) were cultured in 5 ml of culture medium using a 60 mm dish. After three days of culture, a 1.33 ml aliquot of culture medium was taken from the dish, 0.83 ml of S9 mix was added thereto, and 0.5 ml of test solution was immediately added at various concentrations (final concentrations: 5, 1.58, or 0.5 mg/ml; dissolved in an aqueous solution of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC—Na)). The cells were incubated for six hours, and then washed with PBS. 5 ml of fresh culture medium was added to replace the culture medium. The cells were further cultured for 18 hours. An aqueous solution (0.5 ml) of 0.5% CMC—Na was used as a negative control, while dimethylnitrosamine (DMN; a final concentration of 500 μg/ml) was used as a positive control; the procedure used was the same as described above. In the method with continuous treatment, CHL cells (about 4×10³ cells/ml) were cultured in 5 ml of culture medium in a 60 mm dish. After three days of culture, 0.5 ml of the culture medium was taken from the dish. 0.5 ml of test solutions at various concentrations (final concentrations: 5, 1.58, or 0.5 mg/ml) were added. The cells were incubated for 24 hours (about 1.5 cell cycles) without further treatment. An aqueous solution (0.5 ml) of 0.5% CMC—Na was used as a negative control, while mitomycin C (MMC; a final concentration 0.05 μg/ml) was used as a positive control; the procedure used was the same as described above.

0.1 ml of 10 μg/ml colcemide was added two hours before the culture was terminated, and the cells were harvested by treatment with a 0.25% trypsin solution. After hypotonic treatment using a 0.075 M potassium chloride solution, the cells were fixed with a mixed solution of methanol and acetic acid (3:1). The cells were dried, and then Giemsa-stained. For each dose, 50 metaphasic cells were spread out for observation and the type and frequency of structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities was determined. Structural abnormalities were categorized into: chromatid breakage (ctb), chromatid exchange (cte), chromosome breakage (csb), chromosome exchange (cse), and miscellaneous (five or more abnormalities, fragmentations, pulverizations, and such). The frequency of occurrence was recorded for each category of abnormality. If a cell had at least one of these abnormalities, it was regarded as abnormal. When the frequency of cell abnormality was less than 5%, the testing substance was judged to be negative; when the frequency was 5% or higher and less than 10%, the testing substance was judged to be pseudo-positive; and when the frequency was 10% or higher, the substance was judged to be positive. When the frequency of occurrence of cells with abnormal chromosomes was found to be 10% or higher in a group treated with a test substance, the test substance was concluded to be a substance that induced chromosome abnormalities. In the positive control groups, where the cells were treated with 500 μg/ml DMN and 0.5 μg/ml MMC, the frequency of occurrence of cells with chromosomal abnormalities was 26 (52.0%) and 24 cells (48.0%) respectively. No abnormalities were found in the negative control. Thus, these tests were judged to be appropriately performed.

The test results for the SRPIN-1-treated groups showed that SRPIN-1 was negative for the increase in the number of cells with both structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities when evaluated by both the short and continuous treatment methods. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the compound did not have the ability to induce chromosomal abnormalities in mammalian culture cells under the experimental conditions of the present invention.

Referential Example 25 In vivo Administration of SRPIN-1

The toxicity of SRPIN-1 was tested by single-dose oral administration to rats. SRPIN-1 was orally administered at a dose of 125, 250, 500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg (in a volume of 10 ml per kg) to Slc:SD rats (five weeks old; Japan SLC, Inc.) whose weight gain and general conditions were normal during the acclimatization period. Each group included two males and two females. The animals were fasted from the evening of the day before administration until about four hours after administration. None of the male and female rats died, and no changes were detectable in their general condition for two days after administration. Then, SRPIN-1 was likewise orally administered at a dose of 2000 mg/kg to five male and five female Slc:SD rats (five weeks old). The rats were observed for 14 days after administration, and based on visual examinations any toxic symptoms were recorded along with their severity and timing, the time required for restoration, and the death date. The results showed that none of the male and female rats died, and no abnormalities were detectable in their general condition.

Example 1A Phosphorylation of SR Proteins in Cells Infected with HIV

3 μg of HIVpNL4-3 genome (Adachi, A. et al., 1986, J. Virol. 59:284-289) was introduced into human Flp-In-293 cells derived from fetal kidney (R750-07; purchased from Invitrogen) using 9 μl of Genejuice (70967-4; purchased from Novagen), a gene transfer reagent. After four days the cells were lysed with 1 ml of SDS-PAGE sample buffer, and heat-denatured at 95° C. for three minutes. The lysate was immediately transferred onto ice and used as a protein sample.

The protein sample was analyzed using Western blotting. The sample was fractionated by SDS-PAGE using Laemmli buffer and gel with a gradient of 4% to 20% at 40 mA for 45 minutes. Molecular weights were detennined using Broad Range Pre-stained Marker (02525-35; Nacalai) as a molecular weight marker. Then, the sample was transferred onto PROTRAN Nitrocellulose Membrane (BA85; purchased from Schleicher & Schuell BioScience) by semi-dry blotting using TransBlot SD Cell (170-3940; purchased from Bio-Rad) at 160 mA for 60 minutes. After blotting, the membrane was washed with TBS for five minutes with shaking. Then, the membrane was blocked with BlockingOne (03953-95; purchased from Nacalai) at room temperature for one hour. The membrane was washed again with TBS, and incubated at 4° C. overnight with mouse monoclonal antibody 104 (Mab104; hybridoma was purchased from ATCC), mouse anti-SC35 antibody (S4045; purchased from BDTransduction), and mouse anti-SF2 monoclonal antibody (AK103: a gift from Dr. Adrian Kramer; Hanamura, A. et al., 1998, RNA 4:430-444; Kojima, T. et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem. 276:32247-56), which each recognize phosphorylated SR proteins and were diluted with TBS.

The membrane was washed three times with TBS at room temperature for ten minutes with shaking. Then, HRP-labeled sheep anti-mouse IgG antibody (NA9310; purchased from Amersham) was diluted with TBS, and the membrane was incubated with this secondary antibody at room temperature for one hour. The membrane was washed three times with TBS at room temperature for ten minutes with shaking. Then, the detection was carried out by chemical luminescence using ECL Detection Reagents (RPN2105; purchased from Amersham) and images were photographed using a LAS1000CCD camera (LAS1000; Fuji Film). The results are shown in FIG. 1A.

The results showed that when the cells were infected with HIVpNL4-3, Western analysis using Mab104, SC35, and SF2 antibodies could not detect any signals. Thus, it was revealed that not only was SR protein dephosphorylated, but endogenous SR proteins, such as SC35 and SF2 were also degraded.

Example 1B Degradation of SR Proteins

Using Genejuice, 1 μg each of the plasmids for the SRp75, SRp55, and SRp40 genes fused with HA tag (HA-SRp75, HA-SRp55, and HA-SRp40; gifts from Dr. Woan-Yuh TARN), were introduced into Flp-In-293 cells derived from human fetal kidney. After 36 hours, MG132 (474790; purchased from Calbiochem), a ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor, was added at a final concentration of 10 μM. After ten hours, the cells were lysed with SDS-PAGE sample buffer and heat-denatured. The resulting lysate was used as a protein sample. Using the same procedures as described above, the sample was fractionated by SDS-PAGE, and analyzed by Western blotting using a rabbit anti-HA antibody (H1803; purchased from Santa Cruz) as a primary antibody and a donkey anti-rabbit IgG antibody (NA9340; purchased from Amersham) as a secondary antibody. The results are shown in FIG. 1B.

The cells treated with MG132 gave a stronger signal than the control, showing that MG132 inhibited degradation of SR75, SR55, and SR40 proteins. In addition, similar results were obtained for other SR proteins (data not shown). Using MG132, it thus was revealed that SR proteins were degraded by ubiquitin proteasome.

Example 2A Phosphorylation of SR Proteins in Cells Stably Expressing SRPK2

A single copy of the mouse SRPK2 gene was introduced into Flp-In-293 cells at the Flp-In site to establish multiple cell lines stably expressing SRPK2. The parent cell line Flp-In-293 was used as a mock in the analysis, and for use in the experiments SRPK2-2 was selected from the multiple established cell lines stably expressing SRPK2. pNL4-3 was introduced into these two cells. After four days, the dynamics of endogenous SR protein during HIV infection were investigated using Western analysis.

Western analysis was carried out the same way as in FIG. 1A. When the HIVpNL4-3 genome was introduced into SRPK2-2 cells, Mab104 antibody detected signals at positions corresponding to SRp35, SRp40, SRp55, and SRp75. The SR domains recognizable by Mab104 were found to be phosphorylated.

Furthermore, Western analysis using SC35 and SF2 antibodies revealed that SC35 and SF2 signals were observed in SRPK2-2 cells introduced with the HIVpNL4-3 genome. The results are shown in FIG. 2A.

These results showed that SR proteins are generally degraded upon HIV infection, but in cells stably expressing SRPK2, the SR proteins remain phosphorylated and are stabilized as a result. This suggests that SR protein is phosphorylated and that protein degradation via ubiquitin proteasome does not take place in cells stably expressing SRPK2.

Example 2B Existence of SR Proteins in Cells Stably Expressing SRPK2

1 μg of HIVpNL4-3 genome and 1 μg each of the plasmids for the SRp75, SRp55, and SRp40 genes fused with HA tag (HA-SRp75, HA-SRp55, HA-SRp40; gifts from Dr. Woan-Yuh TARN) were introduced into the Flp-In-293 cells stably expressing SRPK2, where one copy of the SRPK2 gene had been introduced at the Flp-In site (SRPK2-2 cells) and the parental cell line Flp-In-293 (mock) using Genejuice. The samples were collected after 36 hours and analyzed by Western blotting. The results are shown in FIG. 2B. According to these results, upon HIV infection of the Flp-In-293 cells, the anti-HA antibody signal weakened or disappeared for not only SC35 and SF2, but also for SRp75, SRp55, and SRp40. In the SRPK2-2 cells, the signals for SRp75, SRp55, and SRp40 as well as SC35 and SF2 were detectable, although impaired as compared with the control.

These results suggest that SR protein degradation is enhanced upon HIV infection, but that SR protein phosphorylation in SRPK2-2 cells stabilizes the SR proteins.

Example 2C Quantifying the Produced HIV

In the experiment in Example 2A (FIG. 2A), the culture supernatant was collected and the HIV produced was quantified. After gene transfer, the culture supernatant was collected and the amount of HIV capsid protein ‘p24’ comprised in the culture supernatant was measured using the Lumipulse ELISA system (Fujirebio). The results are shown in FIG. 2C. These results showed that the SRPK2-2 cells produced 2.3 times more HIV than the mock culture supernatant.

These findings revealed that SR proteins are dephosphorylated in response to HIV infection, but that if the SR proteins remain phosphorylated, the regulatory mechanism of SR proteins in response to infection does not work, and thus HIV production is enhanced.

This suggests that the dephosphorylation of SR proteins functions as a host defense mechanism in response to HIV infection.

Example 3A Evaluation of SR Proteins Contributing to In Vivo HIV Production

In the process of HIV gene expression, HIV is transcribed, processed, and translated using host-derived factors. In particular, it has been speculated that the Tat and Rev of HIV have split exons and thus an mRNA splicing reaction is essential for gene expression.

As shown in Examples 1-2 (FIGS. 1-2), a host defense mechanism is activated upon HIV infection, and SR proteins are degraded as a result. However, there is no information about HIV's in vivo splicing reactions, nor the SR protein contribution to these reactions. In fact there are many types of SR proteins in cells, and thus expression plasmids (0.5 μg) for such SR proteins were introduced along with the HIVpNL4-3 genome (1.0 μg), and their effects were evaluated. The results are shown in FIG. 3A.

Each of the expression plasmids for mock, SC35, SF2, SRp40, SRp55, or SRp75 were introduced into Flp-In-293 cells. After 36 hours, the culture supernatants were collected and the amount of HIVp24 was determined using the Lumipulse ELISA system.

According to the results, more HIVp24 was produced for SRp40 and SRp75 than for the mock. Thus, SRp40 and SRp75 were found to have the effect of enhancing HIV production.

Example 3B Evaluation of the Effect of Using hnRNPA1 on In vivo HIV Production

As shown in FIG. 3B, in combination with HIVpNL4-3 genome (0.5 μg), a fixed amount (500 ng) of expression plasmid for SRp40 or SRp75 and increasing amounts of an expression plasmid for hnRNPA1 were introduced into Flp-In-293 cells. After 36 hours, the culture supernatant was collected and the amount of HIVp24 was determined using the Lumipulse ELISA system.

The results showed that the amount of HIVp24 determined by the Lumipulse ELISA system decreased depending on the dose of hnRNPA1. Specifically, hnRNPA1 suppresses HIV production, acting in competition with SRp40 and SRp75.

This suggests that HIV gene expression is regulated by splicing reactions in cells. Actually, since hnRNPA1 co-exists with SRp40 and SRp75 in cells, it is thought that HIV infection-induced degradation of SR proteins in cells functions as a defense mechanism by allowing hnRNPA1 to dominate in cells and thus suppressing HIV gene expression.

Example 4A Search for SRPK Inhibitors of SR Protein Phosphorylation in Cells

Inhibitors that competitively bind to the ATP binding site shared by the kinases were sought. One hit compound in the results of screening was found to be commercially available from Maybridge (molecular weight=349.35; CAS Registry No. 218156-96-8). However, no information about the inhibition of kinase has been previously disclosed. The present inventors named the compound “SRPIN-1” (SRPk Inhibitor-1).

Example 4B Evaluation of the Inhibition of SRPK1 Phosphorylation Activity by SRPIN-1

An RS peptide (NH2-RSPSYGRSRSRSRSRSRSRSRSNSRSRSY-OH; SEQ ID NO: 5) corresponding to the RS domain of SF2 was synthesized. The peptide was dissolved to a concentration of 1 mg/ml in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). SRPIN-1 (final concentration: 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 μM) was incubated with 1 μg of purified recombinant SRPK1 protein, which had been expressed in E. coli, in a reaction buffer (250 μM MgCl₂, 0.25 mM ATP, 1 mCi of [γ-³²P] ATP) in a 30° C. water bath for ten minutes. The amounts of SRPK1 and RS peptide for the kinase activity assay, and the conditions for reaction time, were tested in advance and selected for reaction linearity.

SRPK1 and RS peptide were incubated together for ten minutes, then the reaction solution was dropped onto a P81 phosphocellulose membrane (P81; Whatman) and the membrane was washed with 5% phosphoric acid solution. After washing, ³²P radioactivity on the P81 membrane was determined using a liquid scintillation counter. The results are shown in FIG. 4B.

The results showed that the IC50 of SRPIN-1 for SRPK1 was about 400 nM. When tested using the same technique, CLK1, CLK2, CLK3, CLK4, SRPK2, PRP4, PKA, and PKC did not exhibit an inhibitory effect, even at the final concentration of 10 μM. It is thus safe to conclude that SRPIN-1 is an SRPK1-specific inhibitor.

Example 4C Evaluation of In vivo Inhibition of SR Protein Phosphorylation by SRPIN-1 and the Accompanying Induction of SR Protein Cegradation

HA-SRp75 plasmid (1.0 μg) was introduced into Flp-In-293 cells. After 36 hours, MG132 (final concentration: 10 μM) and SRPIN-1 (10, 20, or 50 μM) were added, and the cells were incubated for 15 hours. Then, the cells were lysed with SDS-PAGE sample buffer. The lysate was used as a protein sample. The sample was fractionated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blotting using the anti-HA antibody. In addition, as a control for protein amount, Western analysis was carried out using anti-beta actin antibody. The results are shown in FIG. 4C.

The result showed that the HA antibody signal weakened depending on the concentration of SRPIN-1. This suggests that the endogenous SRPK1 activity was inhibited in an SRPIN-1 dependent manner, and as a result SRp75 protein was degraded.

This finding shows that the inhibition of SRPK1 by SRPIN-1 can result in the inhibition of in vivo SR protein phosphorylation, labilizing SR protein as a result, and thus enhancing protein degradation.

Example 4D Evaluation of the Inhibition of HIV Infection by Adding SRPIN-1

An infection experiment was carried out by adding HIV virions, which were prepared in 293T cells, to MT-4 cells. First, a prepared viral liquid and SRPIN-1 (final concentration: 0.5, 10, or 20 μM) were simultaneously added to the MT-4 cells. The cells were incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for two hours, then centrifuged, and the culture medium was exchanged for fresh medium. Then, the culture supernatant was collected after 48 hours, and the amount of HIVp24 was determined by the Lumipulse ELISA system. The results are shown in FIG. 4D.

The result showed that the amount of HIVp24 as determined by the Lumipulse ELISA system decreased in an SRPIN-1 concentration-dependent manner. This suggests that SRPIN-1 can inhibit HIV production in a concentration-dependent manner.

Example 5 Inhibition of SRPK1 or SRPK2 Phosphorylation Activity Using SRPIN-1 Analogs

The same procedure as described in Example 4B was used to determine whether SRPIN-1 analogs had the activity of inhibiting the phosphorylation activity of SRPK1 and SRPK2. Each SRPIN-1 analog (10 μM; in DMSO) was incubated with 1 μg of purified recombinant SRPK1 or SRPK2 protein, which was expressed in E. coli, in a reaction buffer (400 μM HEPES (pH 7.5), 100 μM MgCl₂, 200 μM ATP, 1 mCi [γ-³²P] ATP, and 1 mg/ml RS peptide (SEQ ID NO: 5)) in a 30° C. water bath for 20 minutes.

After RS peptide was incubated with SRPK1 or SRPK2 for 20 minutes, the reaction solution was dropped onto P81 phosphocellulose membrane (P81; Whatman) and the membrane was washed three times for ten minutes with 5% phosphoric acid solution. After washing, ³²P radioactivity on the P81 membrane was determined using a liquid scintillation counter. As shown in FIG. 5A, each SRPIN-1 analog exerted an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation activity of SRPK1 and/or SRPK2. In particular, the compounds of Compound Nos. 340 (SRPIN-1) to 348, 612, 613, 615, 618, 619, 621, 624, and 625 were found to exhibit a strong inhibitory effect on SRPK1 or SRPK2.

Then, each SRPIN-1 analog was tested for its effect in suppressing HIV replication. An infection experiment was carried out by adding HIV virions, which were prepared in 293T cells, to MT-4 cells (JCRB No. JCRB0135). First, a prepared viral liquid and an SRPIN-1 analog (final concentration: 5, 10, or 20 μM) were simultaneously added to the MT-4 cells. The cells were incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for two hours, then centrifuged, and the culture medium was exchanged for fresh medium. The culture supernatant was then collected after 48 hours, and the amount of HIVp24 was determined by the Lumipulse ELISA system. The results showed that each SRPIN-1 analog listed in FIG. 5B had the activity of inhibiting HIV replication. In particular, the compounds of Compound Nos. 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 347, 348, 608, 613, 615, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622, 623, 624, 625, and 626 were found to have strong effects in suppressing HIV propagation. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 5C, the compounds were also found to have the effect of suppressing HIV propagation in experiments using other cells (Jurkat).

Example 6 Suppressing Effect on Sindbis Virus Propagation

5 μl of sindbis virus (4.7×10⁷ PFU/ml) was added to Vero cells (JCRB 0111) and the cells were cultured for 24 hours. The culture supernatant was collected as stock virus, diluted to 10² to 10⁷ PFU, then added to BHK21 C13 cells (JCRB9020). SRPIN-1 was also added at the same time (final concentration: 5, 10, 20, or 40 μM). After one hour of infection at room temperature, a medium comprising 1% methylcellulose (SIGMA M0512-100 G) was added, and the cells were gently cultured at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. Cell morphology was observed under a phase contrast microscope, and the number of plaques formed by cell death caused by sindbis virus infection was counted (plaque assay) to calculate the PFU/ml.

FIG. 6A shows phase contrast microscopic images of cells 20 hours after virus infection. Marked cell damage caused by sindbis virus propagation was found in those cells not treated with SRPIN-1 (“+SIN, control” in this Figure), while cell damage was dramatically suppressed by administering SRPIN-1 (40 μM) (“+SIN,40μM (#340)” in this Figure). The plaque assay results also revealed that a 5 μM or higher concentration of SRPIN-1 significantly suppressed the propagation of sindbis virus in a concentration-dependent manner (FIG. 6B).

Example 7 Suppressing Effect on Cytomegalovirus Propagation

Cytomegalovirus (1×10⁴ PFU/ml) and SRPIN-1 or an analog thereof (Compound No. 340 or 349; final concentration: 20 or 40 μM) were simultaneously added to HFL1 cells (IF050074). The HFL1 cells infected with cytomegalovirus were observed under a phase contrast microscope seven days after infection. As shown in FIG. 7, morphological changes characteristic of cytomegalovirus infection and cell death were found with high frequency in control group HFL1 cells (1 and 2 in this Figure), to which no SRPIN-1 was added. In contrast, when SRPIN-1 (20 μM) was added to the HFL1 cells, neither abnormal morphological changes nor cell death were detectable (3 in this Figure), despite the cytomegalovirus infection. Partial morphological changes thought to be induced by SRPIN-1 were detectable in HFL1 cells to which SRPIN-1 was added at a higher concentration (40 μM). Further, addition of an SRPIN-1 analog compound (Compound No. 349) at 20 or 40 μM to HFL1 cells also suppressed the abnormal morphological changes and cell death caused by cytomegalovirus infection (5 and 6 in this Figure). Thus, it was demonstrated that under these assay conditions SRPIN-1 and its analog compounds could suppress the changes in cell morphology and cell death caused by cytomegalovirus infection.

Example 8 Suppressing Effect on SARS Virus Propagation

Vero cells (JCRB0111) were infected with SARS virus (FFM-1) (Yamamoto, N. et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 318, 719-725 (2004)), and simultaneously SRPIN-1 or an analog thereof (final concentration: 5, 10, 20, or 40 μM) was added thereto. After two hours of infection at room temperature, D-MEM containing 1% methylcellulose (SIGMA M0512-100 G) was added and the cells were cultured at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. The number of plaques formed by cell death caused by SARS virus infection was counted (plaque assay) to calculate PFU/ml. As shown in FIG. 8A, 40 μM SRPIN-1 and an analog compound thereof (Compound No. 349) significantly suppressed SARS virus propagation. The viral propagation-suppressing effect of SRPIN-1 was stronger than that of the analog compound (Compound No. 349). In addition, as seen in FIG. 8B, SRPIN-1 was found to suppress SARS virus propagation in a concentration-dependent manner within the concentration range of 1 to 40 μM.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention revealed that SRPIN-1 (SR protein phosphorylation inhibitor 1) and analogs thereof have the activity of inhibiting SRPK kinases. When phosphorylated by SRPKs, SR proteins are stable in cells. However, SR proteins were found to be degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway when SR protein phosphorylation was inhibited by using SRPK inhibitors to inhibit SRPK enzymatic activity. Thus, the SRPK inhibitors were added to inhibit SRPK in HIV infection experiments, and were found to have the antiviral activity of suppressing viral replication.

The present invention is also beneficial in that it provides antiviral agents that control the activity of SR proteins, and thus by the same mechanism are effective against a broad range of viruses. 

1. A method for the treatment of a viral infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject in need of treatment for the viral infection, in an amount effective to treat the viral infection, an aniline derivative represented by the following formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein, R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, a C₂₋₆ alkenyl group which may have a substituent, a C₂₋₆ alkynyl group which may have a substituent, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an azide group, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which may have a substituent, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have a substituent, a C₁₋₆ alkylsulfonyl group which may have a substituent, a carboxyl group, a formyl group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxycarbonyl group which may have a substituent, an acyl group, an acylamino group, or a sulfamoyl group; R² represents a hydrogen atom; R³ represents a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, or a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have a substituent; R⁴ represents a hydrogen atom; Q represents —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —SO₂—, —C(S)NHC(O)—, —C(O)NHC(O)—, or —C(O)NHC(S)—; W represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a C₁₋₆ alkoxy group which may have a substituent, a C₁₋₆ alkylthio group which may have a substituent, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have a substituent, a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have a substituent, or a group represented by the following formula (II):

wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle which may have a substituent, a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have a substituent, an acyl group, or an acylamino group; the above R⁵ and R⁶ together with the adjacent nitrogen atom may form a heterocycle which may have a substituent, and the heterocycle may be a condensed aromatic heterocycle which may have a substituent; the above R⁵ and R⁶ may be a cycloalkylidene amino group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic condensed cycloalkylidene group which may have a substituent, thereby treating the viral infection in the subject, and wherein the viral infection is caused by: (1) any one of the following RNA viruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), poliovirus, human rhinovirus, hepatitis A, C, D, and E viruses, vaccinia virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, human coronavirus, Ebola virus, influenza virus, or sindbis virus; or (2) any one of the following DNA viruses: a herpes simplex virus, human adenovirus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, EB virus, herpesvirus, human herpesvirus, smallpox virus, polyoma virus, or human papilloma virus.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a halogen atom; R² is a hydrogen atom; R³ is a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group which may have a substituent, or a nitrogen-containing 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl group which may have a substituent; R⁴ is a hydrogen atom; Q represents —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —SO₂—, —C(S)NHC(O)—, —C(O)NHC(O)—, or —C(O)NHC(S)—; W represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a group represented by the following formula (II):

wherein, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and each represent a C₁₋₆ alkyl group which may have a substituent; or the above R⁵ and R⁶ together with the adjacent nitrogen atom may form a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, and the heterocyclic group may be a condensed aromatic heterocyclic group which may have a substituent.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the aniline derivative of formula (I) is represented by the following formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof, wherein, R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group; W represents

Q represents —C(O)— or —C(S)—.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the viral infection is caused by any one of the following DNA viruses: a herpes simplex virus, human adenovirus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, EB virus, herpesvirus, human herpesvirus, smallpox virus, polyoma virus, or human papilloma virus.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the viral infection is caused by a herpes simplex virus.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the viral infection is caused by a human adenovirus.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the viral infection is caused by a cytomegalovirus. 